MANAGING PEOPLE AND PERFORMANCE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

MANAGING PEOPLE AND PERFORMANCE - Essay Example 59). This, therefore, means that 70% of the BPR initiatives do not see the light after the fifth year of implementation. Several scholars have defined this strategy as a model of radical redesign of business processes sand organisational change that is primarily based on recognising and discarding current business operations and starting afresh again (Hammer, & Champy, 2009, p. 36). Business process reengineering is an important aspect especially in the ever-changing business environment. It helps an organisation to keep track of changes in its environment of operation (Hammer, & Champy, 2009, p. 33). Most organisations that have pursued this course are considered innovative since BPR efforts are geared towards change. This strategy has led to the emergence of Business Process Management model that has changed the way organisations are managed (DeToro, and McCabe 1997, p. 56). BPR is a good strategy for organizations that evaluates their productivity by closely looking at the business processes and thinking about the best way to streamline them for the better performance. This strategy consists of many drivers that are utilised during implementation. According to Zairi (1997, p. 76) the drivers include globalisation, advancing technology, stakeholders’ actions, organisational boundary erosion, and regulation. Some scholars who have provided useful insights into this strategy have argued that BPR lacks the relevant coherent theoretical framework that provides more insight on implementation. Today global competition brought change in the management styles of many organisations. It is one of the tools used in competition in the business environment. BPR creates one important advantage i.e. improving the measures of performance such as costs, service, customer satisfaction, speed, and productivity (Zairi, 1997, p. 78). This brings a major change internally and

Game and Basketball Essay Example for Free

Game and Basketball Essay Have you ever wondered what basketball is like? Basketball can vary from being very intense and physical, while other time it is very easy. Basketball is a very exhausting sport. You can feel your muscles being pulled in every direction. You feel like you cant move when the season first starts. During a gamer you can hear the crowd cheering you on. You can smell the popcorn all around the gym as people eat it. You can feel the sweat pouring down your face as you run up and down the court. Your feet start to ache as you run. When you hear the buzzer at the end of the game, you look up to see how many points are on the board. Many players struggle to get the ball during a jump ball. When players are hit hard during a game, the referee will call a fould. Basketball gives people this unknown amount of energy during a game. When your in the stands during a game you can feel the excitement coming from all of the fans. Basketball can be played inside or outside. You can find most teens around here playing it almost all of the time. If you want to be good at the sport you need to have a passion for learning it. Basketball is an excellent way to get in shape or to stay in shape. Basketball will always be a sport to play no matter what season it is. If you look in a gym at a school you should find a court and hoops. Basketball is a way to keep you out of trouble. When you sweat, it runs down your face into your eyes and makes them burn like crazy. Basketball could be a wonderful sport for everyone to play, but many will not play the sport. Basketball is played worldwide. It is played in almost every country. Basketball will be around for many centuries to come. Almost everyone enjoys the sport, whether they are playing or watching. Basketball has been passed down to different generations through out the years. It has had the rules of it changed many times. Basketball is even an excellent way to make memories with your friends. Basketball will be passed on until the end of time, well at least it might be.

Allusions In Invisible Man Essay -- essays research papers

Allusions in Invisible Man Invisible Man, written with ingenuity by Ralph Waldo Ellison, is a masterpiece by itself, but it also intertwines into every page one or more allusions to previously written masterpieces. Whether intentionally or unintentionally, and whether it was Ellison who incorporated the works into his own or others who incorporated his work into their own, it makes for a brilliant piece of literature. Ellison defines the character of the Invisible Man through literary, Biblical, and historical allusions. In the "Prologue," the narrator writes, â€Å"Call me Jack-the-Bear, for I am in hibernation† (6). . Although vague, this reference to Jack indicates all the Jacks in the fairy tales (Jack and the Beanstalk, Jack and Jill, etc.) Jack, the common protagonist, allows the reader to know that Invisible Man is the protagonist right away. The comment that he is in hibernation refers to his constant battle between being the protagonist or the antagonist; whether to act according to his feelings and instincts, or to try to follow the mysterious words of his deceased grandfather. Also, Brother Jack can be seen as a protagonist throughout the book as well. Even earlier in the chapter, a reference to Edgar Allan Poe is made; â€Å"I am an invisible man. No, I am not a spook like those who haunted Edgar Allan Poe...† This allusion, clear and concise, refers to the "spooks" who haunted Edgar Allan Poe and right away defines the narrator's invisibility. He is not a ghost or spirit, but is invisible through his character, actions, and feelings about himself. In addition to these allusions, Dante's Inferno is referred to in the Prologue as well. Invisible Man relates the action of going to his home in the basement of the apartment building to descending into Hell. He comments that his â€Å"hole is warm and full of light... I doubt that there is a brighter spot in all of New York than this hole of mine..† (6.) This â€Å"hole† that the narrator refers to is the basement home that he discovers later in the novel. This is when he also realizes and accepts his invisibility. At this time the Invisible Man is both happy to accept his identity (or lack thereof) and bitter at the realization that he has no identity. This is why he refers to this as a place similar to hell,... ...he will always be black. No matter how much he, or any of his Brothers attempt to liberate themselves, they will never be able to rid themselves of the burden of their brown skin. Another historical allusion occurs on page 389 when Brother Tarp gives a special gift to the Invisible Man. He gives him a link of the chain the locked him down during his years of slavery. This is a shock to the narrator because it forces him to realize how recent slavery occurred. At first, he does not want the object, but after being scolded for having it on his desk by another Brother, he has grown attached to it. both the bank and the link are objects that stayed with the narrator throughout the story. On page 548 he drops his brief case containing his treasured, yet burdensome items, and insists on going back against a sheet of fire to retrieve the brief case. This is another example of how these items have become part of his identity. Allusions are an extremely effective device in literature. They help to reinforce ideas previously thought of by others. In Invisible Man the narrator’s character is successfully defined through the use of allusions throughout the novel Allusions In Invisible Man Essay -- essays research papers Allusions in Invisible Man Invisible Man, written with ingenuity by Ralph Waldo Ellison, is a masterpiece by itself, but it also intertwines into every page one or more allusions to previously written masterpieces. Whether intentionally or unintentionally, and whether it was Ellison who incorporated the works into his own or others who incorporated his work into their own, it makes for a brilliant piece of literature. Ellison defines the character of the Invisible Man through literary, Biblical, and historical allusions. In the "Prologue," the narrator writes, â€Å"Call me Jack-the-Bear, for I am in hibernation† (6). . Although vague, this reference to Jack indicates all the Jacks in the fairy tales (Jack and the Beanstalk, Jack and Jill, etc.) Jack, the common protagonist, allows the reader to know that Invisible Man is the protagonist right away. The comment that he is in hibernation refers to his constant battle between being the protagonist or the antagonist; whether to act according to his feelings and instincts, or to try to follow the mysterious words of his deceased grandfather. Also, Brother Jack can be seen as a protagonist throughout the book as well. Even earlier in the chapter, a reference to Edgar Allan Poe is made; â€Å"I am an invisible man. No, I am not a spook like those who haunted Edgar Allan Poe...† This allusion, clear and concise, refers to the "spooks" who haunted Edgar Allan Poe and right away defines the narrator's invisibility. He is not a ghost or spirit, but is invisible through his character, actions, and feelings about himself. In addition to these allusions, Dante's Inferno is referred to in the Prologue as well. Invisible Man relates the action of going to his home in the basement of the apartment building to descending into Hell. He comments that his â€Å"hole is warm and full of light... I doubt that there is a brighter spot in all of New York than this hole of mine..† (6.) This â€Å"hole† that the narrator refers to is the basement home that he discovers later in the novel. This is when he also realizes and accepts his invisibility. At this time the Invisible Man is both happy to accept his identity (or lack thereof) and bitter at the realization that he has no identity. This is why he refers to this as a place similar to hell,... ...he will always be black. No matter how much he, or any of his Brothers attempt to liberate themselves, they will never be able to rid themselves of the burden of their brown skin. Another historical allusion occurs on page 389 when Brother Tarp gives a special gift to the Invisible Man. He gives him a link of the chain the locked him down during his years of slavery. This is a shock to the narrator because it forces him to realize how recent slavery occurred. At first, he does not want the object, but after being scolded for having it on his desk by another Brother, he has grown attached to it. both the bank and the link are objects that stayed with the narrator throughout the story. On page 548 he drops his brief case containing his treasured, yet burdensome items, and insists on going back against a sheet of fire to retrieve the brief case. This is another example of how these items have become part of his identity. Allusions are an extremely effective device in literature. They help to reinforce ideas previously thought of by others. In Invisible Man the narrator’s character is successfully defined through the use of allusions throughout the novel

Healing in Judith Guests Ordinary People :: Judith Guest Ordinary People Essays

The Question of Healing in Ordinary People How do you define healing? In the dictionary it says that to be healed you are cured, resolved, free from worry. But is that what everyone else thinks of healed as. In the novel Ordinary People, written by Judith Guest, Conrad Jarret goes from being a young boy to an adult within a year. He did not know what he was like himself, in the beginning of the story, then there were things that made him grow, and lastly did he heal? At first Conrad did not know who he was or what his purpose was, when he came home form the hospital. Con had no sense of direction because at the hospital there was an everyday routine that he got used to. When he came home he made up his own routine in the beginning. He tried to go back to what every thing was like before his decsion. But he was unable to. He was trying to take one day at time. One thing was true though "Things were so different at the hospital. People were, you know, turned on all the time. And u just cannot live like that. You cannot live with all that emotion floating around, looking for a place to land. It is do exhausting (55, Guest)." This quote is trying to say that at the hospital people were like machines. The staff told them what to do, when to do it, and how to do it. Outside the hospital you get to make your own choices. The things that made him change would be the relationships he had with his elders, Mom, Dad, and Berger his therapist. Con could always talk to him and also looked to him for good advice. Another person would be his girlfriend Jen. She made him open his eyes to see the world and opened his heart to feel. One more thing would be his music. Music made him feel accepted; he didn't have to care about any thing else when he was singing or playing his guitar. Berger even told con that, "People don not change on command for other people (121, Guest). Meaning that Con cannot change instantly when someone tells him to.

Design And Make A Coffee Table

What's already on the market TO get a wide range Of options had to do quite a lot Of researching online and in the local hardware did stores such as woodiest and other shops such as Argos and Nava furniture. ; Below are some of the designs that was very impress with it but could not pick it because it did not fit in to my aims of what the project should look like. The reason on very idea is outlined to why I liked it and why I did not approve it. This is another great simple coffee table that will look good with the existing furniture.It is also doing more with less so it is a very good idea. My choice: the reason why I selected this idea was cause it fills all the aims I set out at the start of my investigation/research. This idea serves the comment doing more with less perfectly because it does not require too much wood or expense as it would if I was to make a coffee table and drawers alone so its doing more with less because they are together. It is also something that will free up a lot of space up in the room. Seibel wood types Oak the advantages of Oak are: Oak wood has great strength and hardness It is very resistant to insect and fungal attack It is easy to cut It also looks good It is a very strong wood and resistant to many sets and to rot Beech Advantages of beech wood furniture are: hard materials, textures, the structure is fine wear-resistant and shiny processing, finishing, gluing is better The disadvantage of beech wood furniture is: color and density differences due to age different, makes furniture color is not uniform; kiln drying and processing that is easy to crack and easy to shape.PINE ; Advantages of pine are : Fairly cheap and readily available. Easy to work and finishes well. Durable. ; Disadvantage is that it can be Knotty Dovetail ; Dovetails are the strongest of all joints. The mint is made up Of interlocking wedge-shaped elements called pins and tails that resist the forces applied to the joint. This joint looks attractive and, if well made, the decorative quality can be used to enhance projects. Advantages of Dovetail Joints ; What are the advantages of this type of joint? Strongest of all joints. Large gluing area. Interlocking Resists being pulled apart.Looks attractive. Would hold together even with no glue. ; Mortise & Tendon Joint This joint is a strong and frequently-used joint for assembling a variety of products where strength and reliability are required. The mortise can either be a through mortise, as shown, or a blind mortise that only partly penetrates the stock. The joint is made permanent using adhesive. Dowels are also used to prevent separation. ; Lap Joint Another simple joint is the half-lap joint. This requires the removal of stock to exactly half of the overall thickness of the piece, in order that a similar piece can mate with it.This technique is also used in the cross-halving joint. ; Cross halving – Lap Joint The main uses for this joint are to allow two pieces of stock to cro ss such that the joint is contained within the overall thickness of the eternal. Used for structural frames. Glue alone can be used as a fixing method, or combined with screws or nails. ; Finger Joint This joint is a positive permanent strong joint when fixed using adhesive. The long length of glued area is very beneficial to the resulting strength. The in-line version is often used to produce a long length of timber / glued laminate from shorter lengths.The corner version is used for producing strong drawers boxes etc. The joint if made even stronger if the fingers are made using dovetail form ; Chipboard is an artificial wood made like MAD but from actual wood chips, hence the name. It is widely used for the structural casing of kitchen furniture and cabinets which are then covered with a laminate or wood veneer. It is also widely used for low cost sub flooring. It is only useful in sheet form and cannot be easily used or worked in any other format. Elm is valued for its interlock ing grain which gives it a high resistance to splitting, with significant uses in chair seats and coffins. Elm wood is also it quite pliant and is available in long planks due to the long, straight, trunks of the tree, For these reasons elm is favored as a source of timber for keels in ship construction. Elm was historically used by bonders during the Middle Ages to make longbows. ; Mahogany is finely grained hard wood which is reddish brown color. It is extremely durable and resists swelling, shrinking warping and twisting.Mahogany is used extensively for high quality, expensive furniture such as wooden cabinets and veneered tables and dressers. It is also used in the construction of boats due to its high resistance to swelling and warping caused by water ; Plywood is an artificial wood that was invented during the Second World War and was primarily used to build boats and landing craft for the military. It is made from numerous thin laminates of wood glued together. Each layer is at right angle to the grain of the other to give it great strength while also allowing it to remain quite pliable.

Free Essays on Howells “Editha“

, and he explained the war as breaking "the peace of the world" (Howells 268). The couple also discussed how God fit into the idea of war. Editha believed "God meant it to be war’ (Howells 270), while George seems unsure on God’s involvement. Before George left Editha’s porch to go home and think about it, he stated how he felt about war as of that moment: "I’d like to believe as you do. But, I don’t, now; I don’t, indeed. It isn’t th... Free Essays on Howell's â€Å"Edithaâ€Å" Free Essays on Howell's â€Å"Edithaâ€Å" In William Dean Howells’ "Editha", the title character is responsible for George’s death through her persistent and forceful support of war and his involvement in it. Editha’s ideals of war were very different than George’s, in many ways. They had different beliefs on the righteousness of war, and how it connects to their families’ values, God, and the very idea of killing another man. However, Editha influenced George enough to join the war effort, which winded up killing him after only a few weeks later. Editha had a very particular feeling toward war and she wanted greatly for her husband to be a part of the war effort, however, George did not agree with how Editha saw war and their feelings clash. The story opens with Editha sitting on her porch pondering weather to let George go to war. When she sees him approaching her house, she "decided that she could not let him stay"(Howells 268). She had an ideal of her husband being a hero, and if George were to go to war, he would fulfill that ideal. Editha explains, "she must put a guard upon herself against urging him to take, for the completion of her ideal of him" (Howells 268). Although she insisted that she did not want to influence him, she boosted the war in every way to show how much it meant to her. She inferred, rather than stated her opinion of what his position in the war should be. Editha described the war as "glorious"(Howells 268). George’s answer questioned her choice of words, and he explained th e war as breaking "the peace of the world" (Howells 268). The couple also discussed how God fit into the idea of war. Editha believed "God meant it to be war’ (Howells 270), while George seems unsure on God’s involvement. Before George left Editha’s porch to go home and think about it, he stated how he felt about war as of that moment: "I’d like to believe as you do. But, I don’t, now; I don’t, indeed. It isn’t th...

2 Easy Tips to Remember Reoccurring vs Recurring

2 Easy Tips to Remember Reoccurring vs Recurring SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips You’ve likely seen the word "recurring," but what about "reoccurring"? Is this word just a synonym for the former, or does it mean something different? In actuality, there's a lot to learn when it comes to reoccurring vs recurring. Read on to get more information about the similarities and differences between these two words, what they each look like when used in writing, and how you can know when and how to use them. Reoccurring vs Recurring: What's the Difference? The words "reoccurring" and "recurring" might look very similar, but they’re not exactly identical in meaning to each other- at least, not always. Let's start by looking at the "recurring" definition. "Recurring," which you’ve likely seen more often, is an adjective and verb that refers to something that happens again, usually repeatedly or at regular intervals. Its basic verb form is "recur." For example, you could describe a theme that comes up many times in a story as a recurring theme. Or you could call a dream you have again and again a recurring dream. Meanwhile, the adjective and verb "reoccurring" refers to something that happens again- but not necessarily repeatedly or periodically. This word originally comes from the verb "reoccur," which is simply the verb "occur" with the prefix "re" (meaning "again") attached to it. For instance, people might fear that a natural disaster will reoccur in their area (in other words, they fear it will happen again after having happened at least once). To sum up, although both "recurring" and "reoccurring" have similar definitions in that they each describe something happening again, "recurring" typically points to something that happens repeatedly or regularly, whereas "reoccurring" does NOT have any such implication. Now, let’s check that you understand these nuanced differences with reoccurring vs recurring by looking at an example: A recurring problem vs A reoccurring problem The first phrase, "a recurring problem," means that the problem has likely happened multiple times already and continues to happen or seems likely to continue happening. The second phrase, "a reoccurring problem," suggests that the problem likely happened at least once and is now happening again- but without any hint that it will continue to happen or is happening on a regular basis. Now that you've got a better grasp of reoccurring vs recurring, let's look at the history of the two words (that is, their etymology). A Brief History of Recurring vs Reoccurring As it turns out, the histories behind the words "reoccurring" and "recurring" are pretty similar. Both "recur" and "reoccur" come from the Latin word currere, which means "to run." As a result, both words mean "to run again," with "run" acting as a synonym for "happen." "Recur" is the older of the two, originating in the early 16th century, while "reoccur" came about in the 18th century. Because the word "recurring" is older and far more common than "reoccurring," there has been debate about whether "reoccurring" (and "reoccur") is an actual word. Though several older dictionaries don't have an entry for "reoccur" specifically, many recent editions do (or, at the very least, list it as a variation of "occur" under the prefix "re"). Here is an overview of the different forms for reoccurring vs recurring: Root Word/Verb Adjective Noun Verb + ing recur recurring recurrence recurring reoccur (prefix re + occur) reoccurring reoccurrence reoccurring Birthdays (and therefore birthday cakes!) recur each year. Real Examples of Recurring and Reoccurring Even though "recurring" is a more common word than "reoccurring," both words appear often in real-life newspapers and online news sources. Here, we give you several examples to show you the different uses of "reoccurring" and "recurring." Note that, in some cases, the words "recurring" and "reoccurring" are used as adjectives while in other cases are used as verbs. You’ll know a word is an adjective if it’s being used before a noun. I’ve also included a couple of examples that use the noun forms of both words ("recurrence" and "reoccurrence"). All bold emphasis in the following quotations is my own. "A new book claims understanding the meaning of these recurring dreams will transform your life." (Daily Mail) "Identify ways to keep it from reoccurring in the future, and clearly communicate the message to your entire team." (Huffington Post) "However, normal grief will always have moments of reoccurring sharpness, pain as raw as the very first day." (Huffington Post) "A reoccurring back injury limited his playing time in 2003 and 2005." (New York Times) "For instance, along with investing spare change from purchases, Acorns encourages customers to make a recurring investment of as little as $5 a month." (Los Angeles Times) "For many women who thought they had beaten breast cancer, the news that it has roared back years later comes as an especially cruel diagnosis with no clear answers for why or how it recurs." (Science Daily) "The 'Great Flood' of 1861 to 1862 is becoming more likely to reoccur as the climate warms, a new study finds." (Mashable) "Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez has confirmed that he has suffered a recurrence of the cancer he was treated for last year." (BBC) "Regulators are expected to put in place in the coming days new rules aimed at preventing a reoccurrence of last month's stunning stock market 'flash crash.'" (Seattle Times) Reoccurring or Recurring? 2 Tips for Using Both Words To wrap up, we give you two tips to help you know when and how to use both "recurring" and "reoccurring." #1: Memorize Set Phrases It can be helpful to familiarize yourself with common phrases out there that use either "recurring" or "reoccurring" (though the former is far more likely). Here are some set phrases with the word "recurring" that will likely come up often in everyday situations: Recurring dream Recurring theme Recurring character Recurring illness Recurring decimal Recurring payment Although there aren’t nearly as many set phrases with the word "reoccurring," I have noticed that many news sources use the phrase "prevent the reoccurrence of ~." The phrase seems to be used most often when referring to a one-off incident, problem, or catastrophe that has the risk of happening again. Nobody wants a stock market crash to reoccur! #2: When in Doubt, Use Recurring If you’re really not sure whether you should use "recurring" or "reoccurring," it’s always better to go with "recurring." Not only is this particular word more commonly used, but it also has a much broader meaning than "reoccurring" does. Remember that "reoccurring" refers only to something that happens again, while "recurring" can refer to something that happens again, possibly repeatedly or at regular intervals. Because "recurring" has a more diverse definition, it’ll always be the safer bet! What’s Next? You've likely heard of metaphors, but how do they differ from similes? Check out our detailed metaphor vs simile guideto learn just how different these two literary devices really are. What exactly is an oxymoron? See real examples of oxymorons from literature and learn how to use them in your own writing. Prepping for the SAT? Then you'll definitely want to look at our comprehensive list of the 262 SAT vocab words you must know. Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Tweet Hannah Muniz About the Author Hannah received her MA in Japanese Studies from the University of Michigan and holds a bachelor's degree from the University of Southern California. From 2013 to 2015, she taught English in Japan via the JET Program. She is passionate about education, writing, and travel. Get Free Guides to Boost Your SAT/ACT Get FREE EXCLUSIVE insider tips on how to ACE THE SAT/ACT. 100% Privacy. No spam ever. hbspt.forms.create({ portalId: '360031', formId: '2167ba30-e68e-4777-b88d-8bf3c84579af', formInstanceId: '2', submitButtonClass: 'btn-red-light btn', target: '#hubspot-container2', redirectUrl: 'http://ww2.prepscholar.com/blog-subscribe-thank-you', css: '.post-bottom .hs-form.stacked label {display:none;} .post-bottom .hs-form.stacked .field div.input {padding-top: 55px; padding-left: 300px;} .post-bottom .hs-input {width: 220px} .post-bottom .btn-primary, .hs-button.primary {margin-top:0px; padding-left:350px} .post-bottom .hs-form-field {margin-bottom:5px}' }); $(function(){ $(".exclusive-tip-form #hubspot-container2 label").hide(); }); function replace_tag(a, b){ $(a).each(function(index) { var thisTD = this; var newElement = $(""); $.each(this.attributes, function(index) { $(newElement).attr(thisTD.attributes[index].name, thisTD.attributes[index].value); }); $(this).after(newElement).remove(); }); } $(function(){ replace_tag($(".posts-by-topic h3"), "h2"); }) Ask a Question BelowHave any questions about this article or other topics? Ask below and we'll reply! Search the Blog Search jQuery(function(){ var $ = jQuery; var url = 'http://google.com/search?q=site:' + location.protocol + '//' + location.hostname + ' '; var $searchModule = $('.hs-search-module.ae6040f2-d753-4329-9c97-0ed1419e15c0'); var $input = $searchModule.find('input'); var $button = $searchModule.find('.hs-button.primary'); if (false) { $input.val(decodeURIComponent(location.pathname.split('/').join(' ').split('.').join(' ').split('-').join(' ').split('_').join(''))); } $button.click(function(){ var newUrl = url + $input.val(); var win = window.open(newUrl, '_blank'); if (win) { //Browser has allowed it to be opened win.focus(); } else { //Browser has blocked it location.href = newUrl; } }); $input.keypress(function(e){ if (e.keyCode !== 13) return; e.preventDefault(); $button.click(); }); }); Improve With Our Famous Guides SATPrep ACTPrep For All Students The 5 Strategies You Must Be Using to Improve 160+ SAT Points How to Get a Perfect 1600, by a Perfect Scorer Series: How to Get 800 on Each SAT Section: Score 800 on SAT Math Score 800 on SAT Reading Score 800 on SAT Writing Series: How to Get to 600 on Each SAT Section: Score 600 on SAT Math Score 600 on SAT Reading Score 600 on SAT Writing Free Complete Official SAT Practice Tests What SAT Target Score Should You Be Aiming For? 15 Strategies to Improve Your SAT Essay The 5 Strategies You Must Be Using to Improve 4+ ACT Points How to Get a Perfect 36 ACT, by a Perfect Scorer Series: How to Get 36 on Each ACT Section: 36 on ACT English 36 on ACT Math 36 on ACT Reading 36 on ACT Science Series: How to Get to 24 on Each ACT Section: 24 on ACT English 24 on ACT Math 24 on ACT Reading 24 on ACT Science What ACT target score should you be aiming for? ACT Vocabulary You Must Know ACT Writing: 15 Tips to Raise Your Essay Score How to Get Into Harvard and the Ivy League How to Get a Perfect 4.0 GPA How to Write an Amazing College Essay What Exactly Are Colleges Looking For? Is the ACT easier than the SAT? A Comprehensive Guide Should you retake your SAT or ACT? When should you take the SAT or ACT? Michael improved by 370 POINTS! Find Out How Stay Informed Get the latest articles and test prep tips! Looking for Graduate School Test Prep? Check out our top-rated graduate blogs here: GRE Online Prep Blog GMAT Online Prep Blog TOEFL Online Prep Blog

Geography of the Tropic of Capricorn

Geography of the Tropic of Capricorn The Tropic of Capricorn is an imaginary line of latitude going around the Earth at approximately 23.5 ° south of the equator. It is the southernmost point on Earth where the suns rays can be directly overhead at local noon. It is also one of the five major circles of latitude dividing the Earth (the others are the Tropic of Cancer in the northern hemisphere, the equator, the Arctic Circle and the Antarctic Circle). Geography  of the Tropic of Capricorn The Tropic of Capricorn is significant to understanding the Earths geography because it marks the southern boundary of tropics. This is the region that extends from the equator south to the Tropic of Capricorn and north to the Tropic of Cancer. Unlike the Tropic of Cancer, which passes through many areas of land in the northern hemisphere, the Tropic of Capricorn passes mainly through water because there is less land for it to cross in the southern hemisphere. However, it does cross through or is near places like Rio de Janeiro in Brazil, Madagascar, and Australia. Naming of the Tropic of Capricorn Around 2,000 years ago, the sun crossed into the constellation of Capricorn at the winter solstice around December 21. This resulted in this line of latitude being named the Tropic of Capricorn. The name Capricorn itself comes from the Latin word caper, meaning goat and was the name given to the constellation. This was then later transferred to the Tropic of Capricorn. It should be noted, however, that because it was named over 2,000 years ago, the specific location of the Tropic of Capricorn today is no longer in the constellation Capricorn. Instead, it is located in the constellation Sagittarius. Significance of the Tropic of Capricorn In addition to being used to aid in dividing the Earth into different parts and marking the southern boundary of the tropics, the Tropic of Capricorn, like the Tropic of Cancer is also significant to the Earths amount of solar insolation and the creation of seasons. Solar insolation is the amount of Earths direct exposure to the suns rays from incoming solar radiation. It varies over the Earths surface based on the amount of direct sunlight hitting the surface and it is mostly when it is directly overhead at the subsolar point which migrates annually between the Tropics of Capricorn and Cancer based on the Earths axial tilt. When the subsolar point is at the Tropic of Capricorn, it is during the December or winter solstice and is when the southern hemisphere receives the most solar insolation. Thus, it is also when the southern hemispheres summer begins. Furthermore, this is also when the areas at latitudes higher than the Antarctic Circle receive 24 hours of daylight because there is more solar radiation to be deflected south due to the Earths axial tilt.

Corporate social responsibility and its theoretical foundations Essay

Corporate social responsibility and its theoretical foundations. Australian firms and CSR - Essay Example The term Corporate Social Responsibility though a invention of few decades back but has existed in various forms from the earliest days of businesses. Companies manipulate their businesses processes and go one step ahead then the industry to create a positive impact on the society. Corporate social responsibility of companies can be viewed in two general ways Companies share and invest their income for the benefit of the society. Companies follow the industry standards or apply best practices in their business as to be more responsible and ethical. To understand the basic concept behind CSR we have to learn what binds an organization to be socially responsible. Every organization has stakeholders which exist at all levels of business operations and are major contributors of the business. The company has to show its competency and loyalty to its stakeholders and the community that the business is not only concerned solely with the expansion and betterment of the business but it is als o keen and responsible in contributing towards the growth and betterment of its stakeholders and the society it operates in. As a gesture of company’s conviction and dedication, they engage themselves in such activities which in some way will help in the prosperity of the society and will leave an everlasting impression on those they helped. Also at the same time they can include such policies and practices into their business which portray the company’s business processes as more ethical and morally correct. Concept and Benefits Social responsibilities of corporations comprise of ethical and managerial principles to guide a business enterprise. This is because it deals with everything from corporate image, public relations, environmental liability, lawsuits, relations with governments and worker morale. These corporate responsibility principles are guided by another set of principles. The first and the basic principle is that the firm’s or company’s prod uct raises or enhances the quality of life. Three basic types of processes are identified to implement corporate responsibility principles. They include of environmental management, issues management and stake holder’s management. (Gail Thomas, 2006) Number of factors drive the corporate responsibility trend. One major factor which make organizations more socially responsible is that companies which do not engage in CSR activities might be viewed as those who are only interested in the growth and expansion of their business and are not at all concerned with the betterment of their various stakeholders and the society. Hence ruining the image of the corporation in the mind of people which is a serious risk for business. On the other hand the benefits of CSR for corporations are limitless. Although the benefits would not be monetary directly instead would require investing in quite heavy amounts but in return the corporation earns a position of a reputable contributor to the so ciety enhancing the brand image, employees will have more dedication to work for a company who works for mutual benefit of the society and the stakeholders especially the investor’s would be more confident. Australian Firms and CSR There are a lot of Australian companies who are listed amongst the more socially responsible organizations. BHP Billiton , Telstra, Rio Tinto , Pacific Hydro , Arup Australsia and many other corporations. BHP Billiton is Australia’s largest firm by market capitalization. It employees over 40,000 people all over the world which makes it rank amongst the largest mining companies in the world. As it is the largest firm in Australia and has global operations so it has engaged itself in many socially responsible activities and made it a priority so as to maintain the trust and confidence of the stakeholders and investors. Various socially responsible initiatives has been taken by BHP Billiton which have contributed greatly to well being and uplif t of Australian society and also in other countries where its operating. Along with initiatives for the

Discussion Questions Week 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discussion Questions Week 4 - Essay Example By the central limit theorem, by performing the experiment many times, I would end up with a normal distribution, and at very high numbers of experiments, the mean, the mode and the median scores would all tend to be 50 – or a perfect Bells curve. The jaggedness and asymmetry of the curve would also disappear on numerous repetitions of the experiment. 2. Confidence intervals apply to samples ( in the above example, the 100 toss batches) drawn from a large population ( a very large number of batches thrown) . It means the range of scores ( say 45 – 55 in the above example), when the population mean of 50 is likely to be present in a high proportion of cases. In normal statistical work an arbitrary figure, 95 % is taken as the proportion to define the confidence intervals, which is referred to as the confidence level. The most controllable method to increase the precision (narrowing) of the confidence interval is to increase the sample size. For instance, in the current example, if the coin is thrown a 1000 times every batch, the confidence intervals could be significantly narrowed (say, 48 – 52). Even if we assume that the sample size of 1100 is normally distributed ( although in polls like this it is rarely so) and that the sample mean of 572 is a true estimation of a population which votes for the mayor by a majority, we can than then test the null hypothesis that this sample H1 is different from a larger population sample H0 where the mayor only has a 50 % chance of winning ( sample mean 550). Let us assume (1) that the standard deviation of the samples is 11, as then, the sample mean of H1 is just within 2 standard deviations away from the population mean of 550 ( i.e. 550 +

International Business Strategy of Zara Case Study

International Business Strategy of Zara - Case Study Example The firm that is analyzed in the paper is Zara. This Spanish fashion retailer is the leader in Europe, followed by the Swedish, H&M and UK’s Marks & Spencers. Headquartered in the industrial estate of Sabon-Artexio, outside A Caruna in Spain, Zara has over 2700 stores round the world, the latest having opened in China, Serbia, Sweden and Tunisia in 2006 and in Poland, Romania and Russia in 2008. Inditex SA, the holding company, clocked revenues of $8.5 billion in 2007, of which Zara contributed 66 percent. The expansion strategy positively contributed to the increase of Inditex’s share value. The other fashion brands in Inditex’s stable, Pull & Bear, Massimo Dutti, Bershka, Stradivarius and Oysho, though having the potential of cannibalizing some of Zara’s advantage, are really no competition to Zara. Zara has stores in over 60 countries in Europe, America and Asia. However, the retailer has not gone whole hog in international expansion, particularly in th e United States and Asia, because it has not expanded its supply chain wide enough to sell in these markets without holding high inventories. Instead, the company focuses on consolidation in the European markets, entering recently into Ireland, Iceland, the Czech Republic, Luxembourg, Finland and Italy and is expanding in England and Germany. Zara’s business strategy is in contrast to most other apparel and other consumer product retailers in the world. Zara produces as many as 12,000 new items of clothing every year, which is nearly four times the average of the apparel industry. Besides, it replaces stock in 3 weeks, which is also 12 times faster than the industry average (Diaz, 2005). Zara's distinctive competence is consisted of vertical integration of design, just-in-time manufacturing system, delivery and sales; flexibility structures, low inventory, quick customization response and specific human capital (Castellano 1993; 2002). Amancio Ortega, founder of Inditex , claimed the aim of Zara is to " democratize fashion by offering the latest fashion in medium quality at affordable prices" This paper will discuss Zara's business model, particularly in relation to its supply chain and customization system, to understand whether its transnational business strategy is flexible, efficient and adapt to a learning process, which, according to Ghoshal's (1987) model, are the goals of a global firm. Theoretical Background The strategic tools that a global company has in order to gain competitive advantage are through exploitation of differences in input and output markets that exist in different markets. Besides, benefiting from economies of scale of operating in different markets and activities, global firms can gain competitive advantage that optimizes risks, efficiency and absorption of learning in different markets (Ghoshal, 1987) For some companies, global integration may result in competitive advantage through economies of scale. For some others, global expansion may not result in competitive advantage when the corporate hierarchy thrusts such a strategy on the company because of difficulties managing large organizations that blur centralized and decentralized policy decisions (Ghoshal, 1987). Since the second half of the 20th century, transnational companies have been the main agents of globalization in all industries, whether through investments, trade and the internet (Gereffi, 2001). In times of globalization, a firm's competitive strength in

Mr. Smith Goes To Washington Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Mr. Smith Goes To Washington - Essay Example ared to the political climate within the current era; noting key similarities and differences as well as specifying issues, obstacles, and difficulties that Mr. Smith might face if in fact the movie was cast and produced within the current era and focused upon the current political climate within Washington DC. Through such a level of analysis, the intention of this student is to provide a running commentary; both on the way in which corruption is similar to the way in which it was fully 75 years ago as compared to the way it exists today. Additionally, commentary will be provided in terms of the unique differences and the growth of systemic rot and corruption within government power as they exist today in terms of how they might be related to the film. One of the first differentials that should necessarily be understood in terms of the way that the film was represented and the general sentiment of the population today is in terms of the overall level of trust that citizens have in their government. Whereas it is ultimately true that there have always been a large number of individuals that inherently distrust power and believe it to be corrupt, the overall number of people 75 years ago, and those represented within the film, or ultimately of the belief that individuals in Washington were at least attempting to do the right thing and to look out for their best interests. Whereas it is inherently true that the corruption of the governor and the prior senator were clearly noted within the film, the common people were of the opinion that a reformer and an honest man could make some difference and could ultimately change the situation as it currently existed (Corliss 4). Yet, within the modern era, people have become increasingly skept ical of the potential for anyone to change the way in which Washington operates. After electing one of the most charismatic political leaders of the past 50 years, Barack Obama, only to realize that the platform on which he campaigned

HISTORY - choose 1 of the questions to answer Essay

HISTORY - choose 1 of the questions to answer - Essay Example This paper will talk about the conditions that led to the provision of the Compromise of 1850. The paper will also talk about the issues that this compromise left unsettled. By 1850, there were just 14% of slaves present in the entire populace of the United States (Baxamusa 1). Slavery and the slave trade became nearly absent in the northern states. However, there were roughly 51% slaves still present in Mississippi and 58% in South Carolina. Mid September of 1850, the United States Congress, took a number of measures to resolve the issues concerning slavery and forestall Secession. The country, therefore, created the Compromise of 1850. Missouri developed into a state in 1818 (Baxamusa 1). However, the settlers wanted the region to continue being a slave state. The political leaders of the north states, in contrast, did not fancy a slave state. Maine, during the same year, also wanted to be acknowledged as a state under the Union. Thus, in 1820, an accord referred to as the Missouri Compromise was reached, which permitted Missouri to continue being a slave state. Maine, nevertheless, was a slave-free state. This brought about division in the country splitting the nation into two (Baxamusa 1). The southerners, after the Missouri Compromise, carried out all their affairs alone leaving out the northerners. The northerners, however, wanted to unite every state in the United States. After three decades of the Missouri Compromise, California requested to be included in the Union ruling out slavery. However, the Missouri Compromise also split California into two. This dilemma became even more complex owing to the unsettled question of slavery's expansion into other regions, which were offered by Mexico in 1848. Political leaders of the north could not settle on whether or not they should allow California enter as a free state (Baxamusa 1). However, a United States Senator, Henry Clay, from Kentucky was determined to get a resolution to the crisis. Clay, at the age of 70, presented a negotiation on 29th January, 1850. This conciliation consisted of five bills, which would help resolve the nervousness between the free states of the North slave and the states from the South. Texas’ debt to Mexico was one of the leading circumstances, which lead to the 1850 Compromise (Baxamusa 1). The compromise confirmed that Texas would give up the land in dispute. As a way of compensation, Texas would be offered $10 million, which could be used to settle its debt to Mexico. Territorial disputes between New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada and Utah were also vital circumstances that led to the creation of the 1850 Compromise. The country wanted to organize the territories of New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada and Utah without incorporating slavery in the matter. The United States congress wanted to find a way through which the inhabitants of these areas would decide upon slave trade and slavery when they wanted to be accepted as states (Baxamusa 1). Slavery in the Distri ct of Columbia was also a crucial matter that led to the formation of this compromise. Northern congressmen previously wanted the slave activity in the District of Columbia to be abolished, but slavery was still allowed. California also wanted to be incorporated as a free state to the United States.

Mr. Smith Goes To Washington Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Mr. Smith Goes To Washington - Essay Example ared to the political climate within the current era; noting key similarities and differences as well as specifying issues, obstacles, and difficulties that Mr. Smith might face if in fact the movie was cast and produced within the current era and focused upon the current political climate within Washington DC. Through such a level of analysis, the intention of this student is to provide a running commentary; both on the way in which corruption is similar to the way in which it was fully 75 years ago as compared to the way it exists today. Additionally, commentary will be provided in terms of the unique differences and the growth of systemic rot and corruption within government power as they exist today in terms of how they might be related to the film. One of the first differentials that should necessarily be understood in terms of the way that the film was represented and the general sentiment of the population today is in terms of the overall level of trust that citizens have in their government. Whereas it is ultimately true that there have always been a large number of individuals that inherently distrust power and believe it to be corrupt, the overall number of people 75 years ago, and those represented within the film, or ultimately of the belief that individuals in Washington were at least attempting to do the right thing and to look out for their best interests. Whereas it is inherently true that the corruption of the governor and the prior senator were clearly noted within the film, the common people were of the opinion that a reformer and an honest man could make some difference and could ultimately change the situation as it currently existed (Corliss 4). Yet, within the modern era, people have become increasingly skept ical of the potential for anyone to change the way in which Washington operates. After electing one of the most charismatic political leaders of the past 50 years, Barack Obama, only to realize that the platform on which he campaigned

Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 8

Ethics - Essay Example Section 2 of the BCS Code of Conduct clearly states on specific responsibility in the business environment: â€Å"You shall have regard to the legitimate rights of third parties† (bcs.org, 2009). It is clearly identified that the term third party consists of potential competitors or any member of the public society who could be adversely affected by certain elements of an information technology system without their full knowledge of these activities. In Joan’s situation, there is clearly an ethical dilemma as none of the aforementioned public officials or corporate officers are aware that information about them is being stored, accessed, and analysed in the INF Ltd. database. Though it has not been offered as to why this information is actually being collected, simply gathering information for future or current use about these officials and public figures creates non-compliance to ethical obligations of the business. This information could be being collected to sell to competing organisations in similar business markets, as one example. Joan has an obligation to recognise that these activities are immoral based on the BCS Code of Conduct and she has legitimate concerns over how this information is being handled and processed. In the event that any of this information might be given to other third parties, there are unlimited opportunities to cause harm to the individuals whose information is being collected. â€Å"You shall avoid any situation that may give rise to a conflict of interest between you and your relevant authority. You shall make full and immediate disclosure to them if any conflict is likely to occur or be seen by a third party as likely to occur† (bcs.org). In Joan’s situation, she has been chosen for the task of collecting this information therefore a conflict of interest has been created not only between herself and her employer, but potentially

Teen Pregnancy Essay Example for Free

Teen Pregnancy Essay Today in this society so many teenagers are having sex and not realizing the outcome of what is going too happened after they have done it? Not all parents are in their kids business enough when they should be. Wondering where your kids are at all times when they are in their early teenage years are one of the good ways you can keep track of what they do on daily basics. Most of the time kids don’t do the right thing and they are most likely to not return from school on time either and that’s why parents need to understand their kids and for the kids to try to understand the parents and know that their parents are not putting them down they just care. see more:short informative speech examples Teenage pregnancy is increasing rapidly in our country. In fact, Manila has the highest teen birth rate in the Philippines. There are factors that contribute to this increasing problem. Teen pregnancy comes with effects that can cause serious problems. Teenage pregnancy is a growing problem that can be prevented by using contraceptives. Teenage pregnancy is a growing problem. It can cause many emotional effects. Being pregnant can cause a teenage mother to wonder how and why she got pregnant in the first place. A teenage mom is also affected emotionally by realizing that she has to carry the child for nine months, and the father does not. He gets to go out and do whatever he wants to do. Finances are more problems for the teenage parents to have to face. They have to have a job to support the child. Most teen families end up on welfare. According to Kristie A. Klusaw, states that â€Å"Pre Marital Sex is a huge problem in the society today.† Klusaw also states that â€Å"teenagers are not waiting to get married to have sex.† And by doing that, this is clearly a cause of teen pregnancy. Meenakshi Madhur also added that â€Å"Sex is a very strong biological need. However sex after marriage has a purpose of not only evolution but also amedium of expressing love between couples.† Inside the â€Å"The Unplanned Pregnancy Book† written by Dorrie Williams-Wheeler it says in there that â€Å"There are reasons of teen pregnancy, the first one is Psychological Factors, the immature and irresponsible behavior arising due to complex teenage psychology is another important cause of teenage pregnancies. â€Å"Teenagers often go through a number of emotions because of their own transition from childhood and peer pressure.† Williams-Wheeler added. In addition to that, Williams-Wheeler also said that that thee second cause of teen pregnancy is â€Å"Lack of Discipline and Control, factors like alcohol and substance abuse accompanied by unrestricted interaction with the opposite sex can ignite the sparks of lust and passion in youngsters very easily ultimately leading to teenage pregnancy.†

Regulatory Responses to Short Selling

Regulatory Responses to Short Selling Abstract It is commonly believed that secondary market prices is not just a sideshow because they contain information that facilitates the efficient allocation of resources. The feedback loop to a real investment decisions allows a short seller to make a profit even in the absence of a fundamental information. This paper analyzes the regulation of manipulative short selling is to impose a cost on short sales. Through setting the short selling cost at an appropriate level, regulators may be able to drive the uninformed speculator, but not the negatively informed speculator, out of the market, and, thus improve the investment efficiency. One of the most fundamental roles of prices is to facilitate the efficient allocation of scarce resouces (Hayek, 1945). A financial market is a place where many speculators with different pieces of infomation meet to trade, attempting to profit from their information. Prices aggregate there diverse pieces of information and ultimately reflect an accurate assessment of firm value. Real decision makers (such as managers, capital providers, directors, customers, regulators, employees, etc.) will learn from this information and use it to guide their decisions, in turn affecting firm cash flows and values (Baumol 1965). In an efficient market, at any point in time market prices of securities provide accurate signals for resource allocation; that is, firms can make production-investment decisions according to stock price (Fama Miller 1972). Unlike the traditional models where prices only reflect expected cash flows, in the new models that incorporate feedback effect prices both affect and reflect firm cash flow. The feedback effect can explain this by two ways, several papers in the literature generate related implication based on models with exogenous feedback, i.e., where firm value or firms investment decison is assumed to be mechanically tied to the price (Khanna Sonti 2004 and Ozdenoren Yuan 2008). However, our focus here is on models that exhibit endogenous feedback, i.e, via learning or incentives. The latter one is through which financail markets may have real effects is by affecting a decision makers incentives to take real decisions, this is most relevant for firm managers, whose compensation is tied to the firms share price, in some sense is a way to discourage â€Å"agency problem†. Particularly, the former one is what we interested here, real decision makers learn from stock price and use it to aff ect real decision. The theoretical research on financial markets traditionally treats the real side of the firm as exogenous. Milgrom Stokey (1982) consider that if cash flows are exogenous, the only way to generate trade is to introduce noise traders in the model. Grossman Stiglitz (1980); Hellwig (1980) developed rational expectations equilibrium models of financial market, in which prices preform a well-articulated role in conveying information from the informed to the uninformed. Kyle (1985) developed a model that is closer to a game-theoretic approch, where the equilibrium concept is similar to the Bayesian-Nash Equilibrium, the information of speculator gets partially reflected in the stock price. However, Fishman Hagerty (1992); Leland (1992); Khanna, Slezak Bradley (1994); and Bernhardt, Hollifield Hughson (1995) present models where different types of speculators-insiders and outsiders-trade on their information, in these models, real decison makers learn from price, but, there is a confl ict between limiting insider trading reduces price efficiency and encouraging outsider trading reduces adverse selection. Similarly, Boot Thakor (1997) and Subrahmanyam Titman (1999) use the feedback effect to rationalize a firms choice to issue publicly traded securities, rather than receving private financing (e.g., from a bank). The traditional view of financial market is stock price has no real effect, thus speculator cannot manipulate stock price to get profit. It is often hard to generate manipulation as an equilibrium phenomennon, given that price impact will cause a manpulator to sell at a low price and buy at a high price and hence lose money overall (Jarrow 1992). Goldstein Guembel (2008) consider a model where the manager of firm learns from the stock price about the profitability of an investment project, thus, manipulation arise as an equilibrium phenomenon. Even the speculator has no information, she can drriven the price down to make the manager belive that there exist negative information, and led to cancel the investment, thus, she can get profit from her short position. Edmans, Goldstein Jiang (2014) extent their model to show that informed speculators are less likely to trade on bad news rather than good news. Consider a speculator who has negative information, if she short sell to lower th e stock price, the manager will learn from it to take corrective action such as reducing investment, downsizing the firm makes it efficient and improve the firms fundamental value, but this reducing the profitability of speculators short position. Thus, the informed speculator must consider this and refrain her short selling in the first place. The feedback effect has also some empirical supports. Luo (2005) show the companies seem to learn from the market during MA. Companies are more likely to learn in pre-agreement deals than in agreement deals. Companies are more likely to learn in non-high-tech deals than in high-tech deals. Smaller bidders are more likely to learn than are larger bidders. Kau, Linck Rubin (2008) extend his analysis and show that such learning is more likely when governance mechanisms are in place to reduce the agency problem between manager and the shareholders. Chen, Goldstein Jiang (2007) show that the sensitivity of investment to price is stronger when there is more private information incorporate into price. Our paper is continue the research question raised by Goldstein Guembel (2008), they provid an asymmetric model to explaine the uninformed speculator can manipulate the stock price to make profit and they suggest by impose a cost on short sales may eliminate this phenomenon, but they didnt anaysis the impact of short selling cost. Conditional the speculator being uninformed, the speculator can make profit for two reasons. First, he knows that the market will not improve the allocation of resources. Thus, he can sell at a price that is higher than the expected value. Second, the speculator can profit by establishing a short position in the stock and subsequently driving down the firms stock price by further short sales. In our analysis of short selling cost can deter the second sources of the uninformed speculators profit. The remainder of the paper is structured as follows. Section 2 gives a brief summary of regulatory response to short selling during the financial crises of 2007-2009 and the European sovereign debt crisis of 2011. Section 3 present the model set-up. Section 4 we derive the benchmark equilibrium when absent the feedback. Section 5 derive the equilibrium when the feedback present. Section 6 concludes. All proofs are in the Appendix. 2 Recent regulatory response to short selling As a result of the financial market turmoil in 2008, the SEC and a number of international financial market regulators put in effect a number of new rules regarding short selling. In July the SEC issued an emergency order banning so-called â€Å"naked† short sellingIn a naked short-sale transaction, the short seller does not borrow the share before entering the short position. In our model, we can consider the short selling cost is zero is a naked short-sale. in the securities of Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and primary dealers at commercial and investment banks. In total 18 stocks were included in the ban, which took effect on Monday July 21 and was in effect until August 12. On September 19 2008, the SEC banned all short selling of stocks of financial companies. This much broader ban initially included a total of 799 firms, and more firms were added to this list over time. In a statement regarding the ban, SEC Chairman Christopher Cox said, â€Å"The Commission is committed to using every weapon in its arsenal to combat market manipulation that threatens investors and capital markets. The emergency order temporarily banning short selling of financial stocks will restore equilibrium to markets. This action, which would not be necessary in a well-functioning market, is temporary in nature and part of the comprehensive set of steps being taken by the Federal Reserve, the Treasury, and the Congress.† This broad ban of all short selling in financial institutions was initially set to expire on October 2, but was extended until Wednesday October 9, i.e., three days after the emergency legislation (the bailout package) was passed. In addition to measures taken by the SEC, a number of international financial regulators also acted in response to short selling. On September 21 2008, Australia temporarily banned all forms of short selling, with only market makers in options markets allowed to take covered short positions to hedge. In Great Britain, the Financial Services Authority (FSA) enacted a moratorium on short selling of 29 financial institutions from September 18 2008 until January 16 2009. Also Germany, Ireland, Switzerland and Canada banned short selling of some financial stocks, while France, the Netherlands and Belgium banned naked short selling of financial companies. International restrictions on short selling of financial stocks reappeared in 2011. In August of 2011, market regulators in France, Spain, Italy and Belgium imposed temporary restrictions on the short selling of certain financial stocks as European banks came under increasing pressure as part of the sovereign debt crisis in Europe. For example, both Spain and Italy imposed a temporary bans on new short positions, or increases in existing short positions, for a number of financial shares. France temporarily restricted short selling for 11 companies, including Axa, BNP Paribas and Credit Agricole. On August 26, France, Italy and Spain extended their temporary bans on short selling until at least the end of September. Of course, measures against short selling are not exclusive to these recent episodes. In response to the market crash of 1929, the SEC enacted the uptick rule, which restricts traders from selling short on a downtick. In 1940, legislation was passed that banned mutual funds from short selling. Both of these restriction were in effect until 2007. Going back even further in time, the UK banned short selling in the 1630s in response to the Dutch tulip mania. We revisit the model in Goldstein Guembel (2008). Consider an economy with four dates tin{0,1,2,3} and a firm whose stock is traded in the financial market. The firms manager needs to take an investment decision. In t=0 , a risk-neutral speculator may learn private information about the state of the world omega that determines the profitability of the firms investment opportunity. Trading in the financial market occurs in t=1 and t=2. The speculator may suffers a short selling cost c;(c>0) when he short sales. In addition to the speculator, two other types of agents participate in the financial market: noise traders whose trades are unrelated to the realization of omega and a risk-neutral market maker. The latter collects the orders from the speculator and the noise traders and sets a price at which he executes the order out of his inventory. The information of the speculator may get reflected in the price via the trading process. In t=3, the managers takes the investment decision, which may be affected by the stock price realizations. Finally, all uncertainty is realized and pay-offs are made. Suppose that the firm has an investment opportunity that requires a fixed investment at the amount of K. There are two possible states omegain{l,h} that occur with equal probabilities. Firm valueTo simplifier the model, we do not include the assets in place in the expressions for the value of the firm, even including it will not affect our analysis. can be expressed as a function V(omega,k) of the underlying state omega and the investment decision kin{0,K}: There is one speculator in the model. In t=0, with probability alpha, the speculator receives a perfectly informative private signal sin{l,h} regarding the state of the world omega. With probability 1-alpha he receives no signal, which we denote as s=phi. There are two trading dates : t=1,2. In each trading date, the speculator submits orders u_{t}in{-1,0,1} to a market maker. There is a exogenous noise trader who submits orders n_{t}={-1,0,1} with equal probabilities. The market maker only observes total order flow Q_{t}=n_{t}+u_{t}, and therefore possible order flows are Q_{t}={-2,-1,0,1,2}. Moreover, it is assumed that a market maker faces Bertrand competition and thus sets the price for an asset equal to its expected value, given his information set: p_{1}(Q_{1})=E[Vmid Q_{1}] and p_{2}(Q_{1},Q_{2})=E[Vmid Q_{1},Q_{2}]. In our model, the price is a function of total order flows, thus, to ease the exposition, we assume that the speculator observes Q_{1}, and therefore can directly condition his t=2 trade on Q_{1} instead of p_{1}. Similarly, the firm manager observes Q_{1} and Q_{2} , and may use them in his investment decision. The equilibrium concept we use is the Perfect Bayesian Nash equilibrium. Here, it is defined as follows: †¢ A trading strategy by the speculator {u_{1}(s) and {u_{2}(s,Q_{1},u_{1})} that maximizes his expected pay-off, given the price-setting rule, the strategy of the manager, and the information he has at the time he makes the trade; †¢ An investment strategy by the firm that maximizes expected firm value given all other strategies; †¢ A price-setting strategy by the market maker {p_{1}(Q_{1}) and p_{2}(Q_{1},Q_{2})} that allows him to break even in expectation, given all other strategies; †¢ The firm and the market maker use Bayes rule in order to update their beliefs from the orders they observe in the financial market; †¢ All agents have rational expectations in the sense that each players belief about the other players strategies is correct in equilibrium. As a benchmark, we consider in this section there is no feedback from the financial market to the firms investment decision. We assume the firm manager known well the state of the world, and, thus, the investment decision in t=3 is not affect by the trading outcomes in the financial market in t=1 and t=2. For the speculator, if s=h , he knows that the firms value is V^{+}; if s=l, he knows that the firm value is 0; and if s=phi, he knows the expected firm value is frac{V^{+}}{2} . The market maker also starts with the expectation that the firm value is frac{V^{+}}{2} and updates this expectation after each round of trade. There exists multiple equilibria with no-feedback game when we impose the short selling cost c in t=1. Because there is no feedback and from the proof of Proposition 1., the short selling cost only affect to negatively informed speculator, in order to simplifier the model, we dont impose short selling cost at t=2 . If we impose short selling cost at t=2, we must distinguish not trade or sells in t=1 and buy in t=1 (see the feedback game). . For brevity, we do not develop a particular equilibrium here. The following lemma characterizes the strategy of the positively informed speculator in any equilibrium of the no-feedback game. Building on this lemma, the next proposition establishes an important result regarding the strategy of negatively informed speculator and uninformed speculator, which is the focus of this paper. The trading strategy is rather intuitive. The short selling cost does not affect positively informed speculators trading behavior, since he know the firm value is V^{+} and the firm manager does not learn any information from the stock prices, thus, it is a game only between speculator and the market maker, in the case his information was not revealed to the market maker, the positively speculator will not choose sells in t=1 and t=2. For the positively informed speculator, the only thing is try to hide his information to the market maker, otherwise, the price will equal to the true value of the firm V^{+} and he makes zero profit. The trading strategies are also rather intuitive. For the uninformed speculator, trading in t=1 without information generates losses because buying (selling) pushes the price up (down), so that the expected price is higher (lower) than the unconditional expected firm value. The uninformed speculator does not have the informational advantage over the market maker in t=1, and thus cannot make a profit if he is trading. He may choose trade in t=2 when the market maker set the price is not equal frac{V^{+}}{2}, in this case, he have the informational advantage, he knows each agents trading orders in t=1 and his own trading order in t=2. For the negatively informed speculator, if short selling cost is not too high, he may choose mixes the trading strategies like positively informed speculator in order to hide his information to the market maker; if the short selling cost is too high, he always get negative transaction profit in t=1, in this case, he would like not trade in t=1. In the no-feedback game, the short selling cost actually does not affect the trading behavior of the positively informed speculator and the uninformed speculator, it can only affect to the negatively informed speculator. It is worth noting that in the next section with feedback , the short selling cost will affect not only the negatively informed speculator, but also the uninformed speculator.

Alzheimers Disease Essay -- Alzheimers Disease Essays

Memory loss, like old age is a condition which mankind has always reluctantly recognized and always – with resignation. Memory loses are sometimes trivial and meaningless and go unrecognized. However, when these loses are so great that a person does not know who or where they are the concerns are quite grave. Although it is realize that Alzheimer's disease destroys the brain memory function, many do not realize precisely how the memory is destroyed once one is aware of the process, it becomes faster to work forward to alleviate the destruction. "Without memory there is no knowledge to recreate or reproduce past perceptions, emotions, thoughts and actions that are so vital to live a full and functioning life. Memory is the key that unlocks doors that keep us functioning, not only mentally but physically (Corrick 32)." "Memory loss is not a sign of decay (Freedman 10)." As we get older, there is some mild impairment in our recollection of recent events, such as forgetting why one went into a room or misplacing a person's eye glasses, which even young are guilty of doing. As reported by Larry Squire, "forgetting is quite normal and usually develops in the third decade of life, and by one estimate 85 percent of the healthy elderly – those over 65—suffer some memory impairment (59)." According to Dr. Seligmann, "forgetting is the process through which information in memory becomes inaccessible, either because it is stored but is not at that time retrievable (51)." This is one of the most important factors in forgetting. Memory loss is rapid at first and then gradually levels off. There are many types of "dismembering" enemies that hamper ones recall and retrieval system. "Forgetting may be increased by interference from proactive inhibition, that is material learned beforehand, like trying to remember a soup recipe (51)." In remembering stories or events there is a tendency for distortions to occur. Cutler explains that studies made by Elizabeth Loftus reveal, "what you learn today may actually distort your memory of what happened to you yesterday. . . (62)." People tend to remember the events that they regard as the most important. They attempt to reconstruct the event, usually what knowledge they have, with the result being what would have been expected rather than what actually happened. Dr. Siegfried ... ...sease of the brain (Parke- Davis 6)." "Deficiency of cortical acetylcholine is believed to account for clinical manifestation of mild to moderate dementia (Cognex 3)." Cognex is the only drug of choice presently used for treatment of Alzheimer's patients. "Cognex presumably acts by elevating acetylcholine concentration in cerebral cortex by slowing the degradation which is released by enact chelinergic neurons (Cognex 3)." Approximately "5,600 patients were on clinical trails about 17% were improved with memories. . ." and " 40% stayed the same no change and about 20% had been "withdrawn" with adverse reaction (Cognex 4)." In conclusion, when is memory loss, whether it is great or small, it takes away the ability to recreate or reproduce to some extent our emotions, past experiences, thoughts and actions that we take for granted. It gives us far more then we give it. The mind needs knowledge to keep us functioning and in return will perform amazing feats for us. Although the cause of Alzheimer's diseases unknown care, research is ongoing, worldwide. "There is no evidence that Cognex alters the course of the underlying demeaning process (Cognex 3)." Alzheimers Disease Essay -- Alzheimer's Disease Essays Memory loss, like old age is a condition which mankind has always reluctantly recognized and always – with resignation. Memory loses are sometimes trivial and meaningless and go unrecognized. However, when these loses are so great that a person does not know who or where they are the concerns are quite grave. Although it is realize that Alzheimer's disease destroys the brain memory function, many do not realize precisely how the memory is destroyed once one is aware of the process, it becomes faster to work forward to alleviate the destruction. "Without memory there is no knowledge to recreate or reproduce past perceptions, emotions, thoughts and actions that are so vital to live a full and functioning life. Memory is the key that unlocks doors that keep us functioning, not only mentally but physically (Corrick 32)." "Memory loss is not a sign of decay (Freedman 10)." As we get older, there is some mild impairment in our recollection of recent events, such as forgetting why one went into a room or misplacing a person's eye glasses, which even young are guilty of doing. As reported by Larry Squire, "forgetting is quite normal and usually develops in the third decade of life, and by one estimate 85 percent of the healthy elderly – those over 65—suffer some memory impairment (59)." According to Dr. Seligmann, "forgetting is the process through which information in memory becomes inaccessible, either because it is stored but is not at that time retrievable (51)." This is one of the most important factors in forgetting. Memory loss is rapid at first and then gradually levels off. There are many types of "dismembering" enemies that hamper ones recall and retrieval system. "Forgetting may be increased by interference from proactive inhibition, that is material learned beforehand, like trying to remember a soup recipe (51)." In remembering stories or events there is a tendency for distortions to occur. Cutler explains that studies made by Elizabeth Loftus reveal, "what you learn today may actually distort your memory of what happened to you yesterday. . . (62)." People tend to remember the events that they regard as the most important. They attempt to reconstruct the event, usually what knowledge they have, with the result being what would have been expected rather than what actually happened. Dr. Siegfried ... ...sease of the brain (Parke- Davis 6)." "Deficiency of cortical acetylcholine is believed to account for clinical manifestation of mild to moderate dementia (Cognex 3)." Cognex is the only drug of choice presently used for treatment of Alzheimer's patients. "Cognex presumably acts by elevating acetylcholine concentration in cerebral cortex by slowing the degradation which is released by enact chelinergic neurons (Cognex 3)." Approximately "5,600 patients were on clinical trails about 17% were improved with memories. . ." and " 40% stayed the same no change and about 20% had been "withdrawn" with adverse reaction (Cognex 4)." In conclusion, when is memory loss, whether it is great or small, it takes away the ability to recreate or reproduce to some extent our emotions, past experiences, thoughts and actions that we take for granted. It gives us far more then we give it. The mind needs knowledge to keep us functioning and in return will perform amazing feats for us. Although the cause of Alzheimer's diseases unknown care, research is ongoing, worldwide. "There is no evidence that Cognex alters the course of the underlying demeaning process (Cognex 3)."

Racism and the American Dream in Hansberry’s A Raisin in the Sun Essay

A Raisin in the Sun is written by a famous African- American play write, Lorraine Hansberry, in 1959. It was a first play written by a black woman and directed by a black man, Lloyd Richards, on Broadway in New York. The story of A Raisin in the Sun is based on Lorraine Hansberry’s own early life experiences, from which she and her whole family had to suffer, in Chicago. Hansberry’s father, Carol Hansberry, also fought a legal battle against a racial restrictive covenant that attempted to stop African- American families from moving in to white neighborhoods. He also made the history by moving his family to the white section of Chicago’s Hyde Park neighborhood in 1938. The struggle of Lorraine Hansberry’s family inspired her to write the play. The title of the play comes from Langston Hughes’s poem which compares a dream deferred too long to a raisin rotting in the sun. A Raisin in the Sun deals with the fact that family’s and individualâ€⠄¢s dreams and inspirations for a better life are not confined to their race, but can be identified with by people with all back grounds. A Raisin in the Sun is a set in 1950s after the Second World War which was an age of great racism and materialistic in America. It is about a black family living in south side of Chicago and struggling through family and economic hardships, facing the issues of racism, discrimination, and prejudice. The family consists of Lena Younger known as Mama; Walter Lee Younger who is an intense man, Ruth Younger who is wife of Walter Lee, Travis Younger who is son of Ruth and Walter, and Beneatha Younger who is Walter’s younger sister. The whole family lives in a two bed room apartment and don’t have money to live a better life. youngers are tired from their struggle to ... ...llow." Ruth replies by saying, "He’s rich!" That is exactly Beneatha's point. She does not want to be in a relationship with George (boyfriend) simply because he can support her financially. That is how Beneatha proves her point about looking beyond the surface. He seems her obstacle in fulfilling her dream of becoming a doctor. She is a strong woman who faces the negative attitude of people with great patience. For example, when Mrs. Johnson (neighbor) says, â€Å"I know--- but sometimes she act like ain’t got time to pass the time of day with no body ain’t been to college. It’s just--- you know how some of our young people get when they get a little education† (Hansberry 527). Work Cited Hansberry, Lorraine. ?A Raisin in the Sun.? Making Literature Matter: An Anthology for Readers and Writers. Eds. John Schilb and John Clifford. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin?s 2008.

Two Countries Possess Two Different Educational Sytems

Is Another Country’s Educational System Better? Doubtlessly, different countries may have different educational systems but who knows which of them is better. I am an international student who came from Malaysia, a country which is located in Southeast Asia then came to the United States, a country which is far apart from my home country, to pursue a higher education. Many of my friends often ask me whether Malaysia or the United States is better but I could not answer them with certainty because I think each country is inimitable.Although the duration that I have been to the states is not long, I discovered that the education systems are distinct between my home country and the United States. Thus, each country has its own peculiarity as there are certain dissimilarities in the educational system in terms of rules and grading systems that exist between two nations. First of all, the contrast of regulations in educational system is one of the factors that lead the country into the current position in the world today. Undeniable, most of the schools in Asia, such as Malaysia, have tougher rules than in the United States.For example, school uniform and restrictions on hairs are mandatory for pupils during their student career. This motivation is because the government thinks that pupils will look more organized and professional as in the appearance. In the contrary, students in the United State are much more unrestrained as they are permitted to wear any type of clothing that they enjoy wearing. Both of the guidelines in each country are correct but the one which is using in my home country will affect the cogitation of the students because of the restriction on selection that they were accustomed to.Not only that, pupils have no rights and is not allowed to converse while the lecturer is instructing because it is considered as an interruption if you intent to speak to anyone. While in the United State, students always inquire the instructor regarding to t he hesitation they have in mind immediately, unlike the students in my country. They are encouraged to exchange their own opinions with teachers. In short, the rules and regulations in both countries are different, but it is not up to us to make a judgment if one nation is superior over another because they are unique in their own way.Moreover, apart from school’s ordinances, these two places use different approaches in the assessment system. Unquestionably, most of the Asia countries focus on the examination more than the students’ participation in the class. For example, students can still receive an outstanding grade even if they do not submit their homework according to the schedule that the instructor, as long as they study for the examination. As a matter of fact, this system is not equitable for those pupils that participate in the class as they only achieve the equal result with the students that do not engage in the class.Furthermore, in one essay, it was stat ed that teachers nowadays focus on teaching the materials that were based on the test which can help students to achieve better scores, but would cause a decreasing level of knowledge for this generation’s students. On the other hand, the scoring system in America is a reverse version of my home country. It is unthinkable for students here to attain an â€Å"A† even when they score wonderful marks for all of their tests because the system here concentrate more on the participation of students, but not just the scores.Unlike Malaysia, lecturers in America help pupils to obtain and absorb knowledge which can benefit themselves in the rest of their lives. Hence, these two regions possess distinct grading systems, but is the reason why they are incomparable. In conclusion, the education system that each country is having now makes them unconventional; we could not decide whether it is wrong or right. Irrefutably, without doubt, some people would think that the system in Am erica is better because of its current status in the world today but nobody can determine it.On the opposite side, the system in my home country, which is Malaysia, is more rigorous than where I am studying now. However, I could not tell which of them is better because both of them possess its own weaknesses and strengths. Even though we do not like some of the systems in education, we should adapt and acquire knowledge in the way it is formulated as. Every nation has a different educational system, but nobody can decide which of them is better.

Geddes Garden City Essay

Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The American Political Economist who authored   the best read book titled Progress and Poverty (Lause) defined urbanization as â€Å"This life of great cities is not the natural life of man.   He must, under such conditions, deteriorate, physically, mentally, and morally â€Å".   To consider his point, the author view that life must be maintained in a serene atmosphere and not in a busy city just like those old good days that red beans or the cocoa is enough to send every household child to a good school.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Henry George began musing on this concept when the new railroad transport was developed in California that made an influence on high land values and influx of ordinary people to city life.   That development in one place brought about overcrowding and had wayward implications on the sustainability of the natural environment.   However, his idea provided economic reforms that made improvements of the life of the working classes possible.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Cities are indications of developments and of the visible civilizations of the history of man.   It takes a process of transformation that is unique and at the same time diverse.   This work is aimed at explaining the town concepts during the period of industrialization from the beginning of mass transportation and birth of new cities in particular on how Geddes observed and analyze these processes. Sustainability of the Man-built Environment   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It was concluded by Henry George that the man-built environment is something that will not last. However, Patrick Geddes the Leonardo da Vinci of the 20th century teaches and reaffirms that our world environment could be sustained provided that man cooperates in the process.   It has to be sustained in order that the life cycle of the young generation’s continues.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   His statement is not a contradiction to George’s philosophy but a possible solution to man’s current problems.   His reaffirmation brought to the world a new hope that even though life cycle is limited, this world is still something worthy to be cared for and it can endure. The positive attitude of George influences not only his neighbors but the human settlement at large during his time to the present.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are issues on industrialization which brings wealth but at the same time destroys the natural environment caused by pollutants. For this reason, Geddes made it clear that man do not live by the jingling of his coins.   There is always a chain effect if one resource is used in accordingly.   He provided a solution written in the Evergreen book that a sustainable world is as simple as making it comfortably green.   His conviction reminded even planners that if developments are unchecked it would create more disaster than improvements.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Globally, everyone breathe the same air that a poor or a developed nation breathes.   The current concern do not deals alone with affordability but also sustainability. With the pressing trend of modernization, comfortable living is expensive and value for money is usually a rare find. The problem of overcrowding in the cities and the lack of economic growth in the rural areas still remains to be a problem on poorly planned cities.   The increase of deteriorating cities will lead to the decline of the global sustainability.   The idea here is to provide developmental options that are definitely relevant to every cities of the world. His mottos â€Å"by creating we think and by living we learn was made to good use by educating people about their environment (Grewar).† The new housing design for workers, organizing his neighbors to renovate houses and build gardens made an indelible mark in his works which can still be seen in every postcard of the city’s Royal Mile that even Albert Einstein admired and has honored him (Grewar). The Garden City Movement Patrick Geddes three dimensional thinking (geography, economics and anthropology) places social sciences above math and logic, biology, chemistry and physics.   His belief that† the earth as a cooperative planet must teach people on how to treat properly their environment and is aimed specifically on educating children, improving the physical quality of life through biological knowledge by producing better medicines, and understanding human influence on ecology (Killiecrankie).† Geddes bridging social sciences with biology even influenced his biographer Lewis Mumford on the simple idea that man just like plants and animals thrived in healthy conditions which are expressed in one of the extracts of Geddes writings; â€Å"The world is mainly vast leaf-colony, growing on and forming a leafy soil, not a mere mineral mass, and we live not by the jingling of our coins, but by the fullness of our harvest. This is green world, with animals comparatively small, and all independent upon leaves.   By leaves we live (Grewar).†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mumford an architectural critic and is particularly noted for his study on urbanization of the environment regarded technology as the destroyer of environment even if he qualifies that electricity could lead to the improvements of the social spheres (University).   His works are indications that technology must be regulated. During the late 18th century Garden Cities began to evolve through the works of city and town planners particularly the works of Ebenezer Howard in UK influenced by the philosophy of Geddes new approach in urban planning called the garden city movement.   Howard began to build self-sustaining towns that combines convenience and industries located on agricultural sites (â€Å"Sir Ebenezer Howard†).† Howard realizes that no matter from what nation a man belongs, there is but one social issue which is difficult to solve and that is problems on housing and labor. This propelled many to advocate the new movement and increases the awareness on the concept of â€Å"decency of surroundings† and that includes, ample spaces, clean housing with gardens, and preservation of landscapes (Letchworth). The First Garden City   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Letchworth City is founded by Howard and is the first garden city of the world; in 1905 the garden city movement became involved in the exhibits of new housing called the workers cottage or housing for the working class in which some of it still stood today. Those cheap but strong and functional residences can be affordable to workers.   Some of these cottages made of wood or concrete can still be found in Letchworth streets and is now being conserved.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Some of the prototype housing called the workers cottages influences the human settlement design of this century.   This new housing designed sprawled even to the west for instance the workers cottages of Architect Maybeck of California and to the whole world at least giving man an accommodation that he humanly deserves. Mass Transportation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Fast developments are due to improved transportation and communications.   The streets affect the life of all its inhabitants and this vision is very much encouraged in order to serve a huge population.   This is indeed very necessary but at the same time may lead to a city decline.   This entails thorough planning on how to maintain a good life in a cellular metropolis.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Victor Gruen a planning practitioner, mentioned in his last publicized works that â€Å"auto sprawl would cripple the global ecosystem and brings about physical and psychological starvation of the urbanized man (Hill).†Ã‚   Today, some cities plants a good number of trees for every parking slots or spaces created.   Planning theories must be integrated to transit that is useful to automobile cities and providing more mass transit and more freeways.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Automobile cities, needs more spaces unlike the old horse tracks during the colonial times.   Human settlement today cannot tolerate a waste of space in places where living condition is dense.   Somehow, these dense spaces are capable of providing the maximum comfort for man by means of mechanical equipments in buildings. In this cities life is fast and expensive.   Technology is a provision for man’s comfort and not a means to enslave but more often than not it is the other way around.   However, there are many fast developing cities that is capable of coping with the new technology because work is valued in congruent with the dignity of man.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Gruen proposes a plan that could justify economic productivity of big cities and at the same time create sub cities that would adapt to what he calls â€Å"megalopolitan sprawl†.   However, globalization could also mean going beyond ones land area.   There is still vast area of lands wanting to be developed. There are many nations that are in need to cope with the present dynamics of the new world technology.   And while there are other places where overpopulation is a problem there are affluent cities in the second millennium that the inverted population growth also presupposes danger. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the abstract written by Dr. Mervyn Miller, he mentioned the book written by the founder of Letchworth, â€Å"Tomorrow a Peaceful Path to Real Reform† written in 1898 is very much true to our society of today. He recalls that the garden city is a potent concept in the emergence of the 20th century cities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Contemporary planners addressed the issue by following the course of people like Geddes.   However, due to the increase in the demand on the lease to life, those familiar workers cottages are considered mini-mansions of many career oriented people of today.   Ample spaces are defined as functional spaces due to the ever increasing cost per area of construction in square foot or in meters.   Coping with life that is becoming unsustainable is becoming a depressing problem even more than how George views it in his time. The internationalist who believes that nothing is gained by overcrowding still support the issue on the green environment that is very relevant today.   However, there are trends that are still needed to be discovered and be rediscovered especially within the new technology along on how this new ideas can be within the reach of everyone.   The key here is what kind of technology should be provided to sustain the ordinary man of the streets. The approach that Geddes concept has provided in his time is for the working class of the industrialized period.   That became the reason why today’s environmentalist regarded Geddes a steward in land use and its sustainability. Today, a number of men with the same aspirations of those Internationalist described is very much needed.   This fast growing old planet needs people who are a hundred percent human beings in the middle of the electro- mechanical world. Works Cited Grewar, Mindy. â€Å"Vivendo Discimus: Everything in the Garden Is Magnifique for the Anniversary Celebrations of a Great Scot.†Ã‚   (2004). 11 April 2008 . Hill, David R. † Sustainability, Victor Gruen, and the Cellular Metropolis.†Ã‚   (2008). 11 April 2008 . Killiecrankie. â€Å"Patrick Geddes 1854-1932.†Ã‚   (2008). 11 April 2008 . Lause, Mark. â€Å"Henry George.† 11 April 2008 . Letchworth. â€Å"Letchworth the First Garden City †   (2007). 11 April 2008 . â€Å"Sir Ebenezer Howard.†Ã‚   (2007). 11 April 2008 . University, Regent. â€Å"Lewis Mumford (1895-1988).†Ã‚   (2007). 11 April 2008 .