Policies and Prime Ministership of Gough Whitlam

Policies and Prime Ministership of Gough Whitlam Question (a): Write an outline of the changes made by Gough Whitlam when he was Australia’s Prime Minister. Overview oWide-ranging reform plan oAimed to quickly change the social aspects of society, rather than solving Australia’s economic problems oWhitlam’s key principles were: ?Equality of opportunity ?Promotion of the Australian identity oPost-Vietnam War policies oWhitlam’s policies addressed many social justice issues oForeign policy oHuman rights (women + Indigenous) oMulticulturalism oPublic benefit National Identity Post-war policies ?Abolition of conscription for national service ?Immediate withdrawal from Vietnam ?Release of draft dodgers from prison Foreign Policy oChina ?Official recognition of China within a fortnight of Whitlam’s Prime ministership. ?Embassies were either restored or constructed in each country ? Australian support of China in the United Nations oPapua New Guinea grante d self-governance (1973) and independence (1975) oDistancing Australia from American foreign policy oSouth Africa ?Banning of racially-based sporting teams from South Africa ?Condemnation of apartheid policy in South Africa oWhitlam supported 13 international human rights initiatives Human Rights oWomen ?Office of Women’s Affairs ?Promoted policies that would help women achieve equality ? Wages ?Creation of the ‘adult wage’ to replace notions of separate male and female wages ? Encouraged more women to work and enjoy working ?Divorce ?The ‘no-fault’ divorce principle, as part of the Family Law Act (1975) ? Removed the ‘guilty label’ which had previously undermined rights in custody disputes and property settlements ? Divorce without reasons Maternity Leave ?Extended maternity leave for single mothers to aid the costs while still retaining their original job. ?Removal of sales tax on contraceptive pills oIndigenous Australians ?Self-deter mination policy ?The right of a group to choose and control its own destiny ? Land rights ?Established the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Land Rights (1973) ? Some land (that was denied in the 1971 Gove land rights decision) was returned to the Gurindji people. ?Repeal of the Migration Acts ?Australian Aborigines no longer required permission to travel overseas ? All of us Australians are diminished while the Aborigines are denied their rightful place in this nation. † Gough Whitlam (1972). ?In 4 years, the budget for Aboriginal affairs increased from $23 million to $141 million Multiculturalism oAl Grassby became the new Minister for Immigration oWhite Australia Policy ?Abolition of this policy improved relations with nearby Asian countries ? Racial Discrimination Act (1975) promoted understanding of other races and ethnic groups ? â€Å"I was profoundly embarrassed by it [the White Australia policy] and did all I could to change it. Gough Whitlam (2001). oChanges to the Cit izenship Act ?Immigrants from the United Kingdom no longer took precedence over other Europeans and Asians oCommunity initiatives ?radio programs in community languages ?migrant education centres ?teacher exchange program with Italian government ?interpreters for emergency phone calls Public Benefit oEducation ?Establishment of the Australian Schools Commission ?Disadvantaged Schools Program ?‘needs-based’ funding ?Expand the resources of poor schools ?Abolition of tertiary education school fees Government funding of tertiary education ?Increase from 9% (1960) to 42% (1975) oMedibank ?System of national health insurance ?Time-based payments vs. fee for service ?Break connection between healthcare and money ?Originally payed 85% of the medical bill oIncreased pensions ?25% of average adult weekly wage oPromotion of ‘the Arts’ ?Improved facilities and pay for artists (musicians, artists, dancers, actors etc. ) ? Australian Film Commission ?National Film and T elevision School ?Australian National Gallery oA program to bring sewerage to all urban areasNational Identity oNew Australian passports; no longer referred to as ‘British subjects’ oAustralian national anthem oAustralian Heritage Commission Question (b): Evaluate (make own judgement + facts) how important ONE of these changes has been to Australia’s development. Diplomatic Relations with China ?Whitlam believed that Australia were following the foreign policies of our allies for too long ? The cold war mentality was no longer relevant ?He saw the potential economic gains and advantages of a long term relationship with China ? Communist party took over China Guomindang re-established itself in Taiwan ?Many countries (including Australia) recognized the government in Taiwan as the official government of China ? Gough Whitlam wanted to form a relationship with communist China, as he believed that communism was not a threat ? The McMahon government refused to recogn ize the People’s Republic of China ? In 1971, Whitlam (as Leader of the Opposition) visited China and promised Mao Zedong (the Chinese leader) that he would establish diplomatic relations with China, if he won the election the following year ?China became members of the United Nations in 1971, and throughout Whitlam’s prime ministership, Australia supported their representation. ?Australia’s recognition of China was a pivotal moment in our history. ?Economic – ?Australia had bonds with the largest economy of the world ? It gives us the boom in our resource industry ?Two-way trade was $113 million in 1972 ?In 1973, a Trade Agreement was signed, granting mutual ‘most favoured nation status’ ? It is now exceeding $105 billion (2011) ?Benefits for both countries ?Three underlying principles in the relationship: Mutual respect ?Recognition of differences ?Strong resolve to build on the interests we share ?Education – ?1972 – no Chine se students in Australia ?Present – 150 000 + Chinese students; biggest source of foreign students oPossible conclusion – In 1949, Australia and China were divided by political differences, however Gough’s Whitlam recognition of China in 1972 had resulted in 40 years of economic and social prosperity. Even though it involved the termination of the relationship with Taiwan, this major shift in foreign policy is praised for its long term successes.

Local substance abuse: Atlanta, Georgia

Georgia Council on Abuse impact study states that 50% of all homicides and 62% of assaults is associated with substance abuse. Georgia’s population of 369,393 in 2003 statistics showed that 32.1% was composed by White and 59.3% by Black African American. In 2004 Atlanta was reported to have 151 homicides. 18% of aids in Atlanta were also found to be related to injection users. Substance abuse is defined to be the excessive use of a substance such as drugs, tobacco or cigarettes and alcohol for mood altering purposes. The profile of substance abuse in Atlanta seems to scare the national strategy on drug control. The third principle referring to disrupting the market may not be able to effectively invade the already ongoing drug war in the vicinity. I think there is a cross country need to look into the problem of intergenerational healing of families in Atlanta than just mean policies and intervention. Users of drug Methamphetamine (Meth), being readily available in Atlanta nightclubs, ranges from ages 13-30, White. Atlanta is defined to be the drug smuggling corridor of the east coast being the largest city in the South. Being the center for all East-West and North-South travel, it became a haven for most Mexican-based traffickers. Atlanta’s strategic location made it Georgia’s largest source of supply of Meth coming from Mexico, California, or Texas, from the lairs of Europe in transit for distribution to other states market. (ONDCP 2005). The Meth epidemic in Atlanta poses significant effect to socio cultural factors, state policy and programs for intervention. Atlanta is presently a major distribution hub for the crystal rock form of Meth commonly called as Mexican ice. The impact of the substance abuse epidemic on tobacco, alcohol, cocaine and other illegal drugs among infants delivered by users has significantly impede the quality of life in Georgia’s future generation being a recourse for open-air drug markets. Their quality of life is pretty disturbing to note that first use of drugs was reported to start as young as 12 years old due to parental permissiveness on drug use. Studies showed that parents were even underwriting keg parties for teenagers. This was their unique experimentation and response to providing safe drug alternatives among teenagers. This will also lessen potential dangers brought by drinking and driving. Somehow Georgia legislature in 1997 implementing stiffer penalties to teenagers driving while impaired by alcohol consumption has even increased the population for substance abusers in an unknowingly different way and at an unknowingly different rate. It was seen that parents who initiated such keg parties are the ones who grew up from a generation of high drug used. To illustrate more on the problem of substance abuse, the University of Georgia is now even planning to send creepy emails to all of its college students regarding the effects of Meth. The intensity of substance abuse and the insensitivity of the parents with diverse ethnic origins to adopt a new life from the neighborhood they knew were quite amazing and does coexist with the rampant drug trafficking Atlanta scenario. Interventions come in diverse approaches according to the needs of the individual and the situation of the state itself. Since 2000 Atlanta has been delving on the aid of local television advertisements regarding the harmful effects of drugs. A centralized phone number is then provided where calls were then referred to the appropriate centers or programs the caller needs according to the intensity of the abuse. The selection of drug rehab treatment and facility is ultimately based and tailor made depending on the choice of the patient. Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS) and the National Survey of Substance Abuse Treatment Services (N-SSATS) were the ones collecting data on different States for monitoring. TEDS provides information on the demographic and substance abuse characteristics based on annual admissions while N-SSATS provides data based on the location, characteristics and use of treatment facilities and services. TEDS is admission based and does not have the appropriate technology to monitor such admission based on the individual. It can count on an individual twice if it will be admitted twice in a row at that period of study. Knowing that substance abuse patient’s characteristics come and go from admissions to outpatients, the population generated by its study does not represent the true value of the population and is thereby misleading. TEDS is not capable of following an individual in their treatment episodes due to the confidentiality of assigning a unique ID identifier at State level. There is one big probability that the number of admissions population that was gathered by TEDS could mean the number of treatments an individual had not to mention cases of subsequent transfers done to different service types for a single treatment program. Promptness of reports also matters since late reports for that period will be integrated with the next period’s report. States continually review TEDS data and revisions may occur at any given time during the review even for a period of five years. N-SSATS on the other hand collects data from all known treatment facilities in voluntary form. The term voluntary itself would mean incomplete information.   (SAMHSA 2005). The local and national reports could well differ in terms of the population. Statistics is vital for use in the treatment and intervention programs that will be created by ONCDP for Atlanta. The unique ID identifier made by the State is good enough to track the substance abuse patient’s admissions and transfers. The report system of the facilities and the government is not integrated and does not support each other. The structure of their IT must be studied and immediately remedied to achieve appropriate data to be able to create appropriate measures for substance abuse control. References ONDCP. (2005). Atlanta, Georgia: Profile of drug indicators February 2005. Retrieved April 13, 2007 SAMHSA. (2005). Treatment Episode Data Sets (TEDS) and National Survey of Substance Abuse Treatment Services (N-SSATS). Quick statistics from the drug and alcohol services information system. Retrieved April 14, 2007 Website: http://wwwdasis.samhsa.gov/webt/tedsweb/tab_year.choose_year?t_state=GA         

A Review of Family to Family: Leaving a Lasting Legacy by Dr Jerry Pipes and Victor Lee Essay

Having two children of his own, Paige and Josh, Dr. Jerry Pipes has written several books dedicated to families and their connection to Christ. These include Building a Successful Family, Becoming Complete and the book being reviewed, Family to Family. Pipes received his B. S. at Texas A & M University, followed by his M. A. at Southwestern and then his D. Min. at Luther Rice Seminary. He is the President of Jerry Pipes Productions, which seeks to â€Å"impact people through cutting edge resources and events† (jerrypipesproductions. com). Pipes has written instructional booklets and training processes that have exceeded 18 million copies. His teachings have spread internationally through his involvement in assemblies, crusades and conferences. According to his website, Pipes most recent trip to the Northcrest Baptist Church in Meridian, MS resulted in over 445 decisions for Christ. Co-author Victor Lee entered full-time ministry in 1995 and is currently the Minister of Single Adults and Evangelism at First Baptist Concord in Knoxville, TN. He has contributed and edited several Christian publications, including special event evangelism material. Lee and his wife, Judy, reside in Wake Forest, NC. Content Summary  The cover of Family to Family shares instantly the book’s purpose: a way for hurried parents to leave a lasting legacy with their children and find true significance in the process. Pipes and Lee have constructed a guide aimed at growing as a family in Christ and sharing that relationship with one’s relatives, community and acquaintances. The introduction explains that the book is not a quick fix but a helpful tool for becoming a healthy, on-mission family. The books definition of family is â€Å"persons related to one another by marriage, blood, or adoption† (p. 9). The first chapter discusses how to become a healthy family in Christ. Sharing shocking statistics concerning the lack of family engagement with one another, the authors instruct one to first examine one’s family. They teach that a healthy family should mirror one that spends quantity and quality time together; one that expresses commitment to one another and to the family as a whole; one that has both parents equally involved in raising the children; one that finds significance in Christ; one that passing the baton of faith to the next generation; one that spends God centered time together (p. 2-15). In order to have a reflection of a healthy family, the authors suggest six spiritual growth principles which include: quiet time, lordship, development of a powerful prayer life, personalization of God’s word, Christian friendships and accountability and development of a ministry (p. 13). Living out God’s purpose of the Great Commission is the framework of a healthy and growing family unit (p. 15). Chapter two focuses on developing a family mission statement. The mission statement serves as a centerline that intentionally submits to the ways of Christ. God’s priorities become the family’s priorities. The mission statement begins with the parents and is passed down to the children. When constructing a family mission statement, the family should consider the mission of Jesus (p. 27). The authors provide several Scriptural references to this mission. They also provide five foundational elements in considering a mission statement: (1) the authority of Jesus; (2) making disciples; (3) comprehensive nature of the call to teach â€Å"all nations;† (4) baptize new believers; (5) the eternal presence of God (p. 28-29). The process of developing a mission statement must be fun and inclusive of all members. The family should consider their goals, take a family inventory and conceptualize and personalize the statement. The authors provide many examples of family mission statements. Since nine in ten people come to Christ before reaching age 25, the authors dedicate chapter three to passing on the baton to the next generation. This requires trust, communication, involvement and discussion. Raising children to become mature in Christ begins with the parents and is fed by the church, not the opposite. The seven key elements to mentoring to children include: modeling, presence, affirmation, praying with and for, transparency, doing things with them and not for them and making one’s actions reflect the Word of God (p. 52-57). The authors give advice on family devotion and family worship (p. 60-63). Chapter four focuses on sharing one’s faith outside of the home. This takes the form of lifestyle evangelism. One is taught how to minister to one’s immediate family, relatives, friends, community, acquaintances and person X (p. 73). Person X is anyone who one will never (most likely) have further contact with. There is also guidance on ministering to special needs children. The authors provide several evangelism ideas for each type of relationship. They discuss ministry evangelism (including the key methods of look, listen and linger), lifestyle evangelism and family evangelism. Chapter five is closely linked to chapter four as it teaches one to go into the church. The authors share that an on-mission, healthy family will make it their effort to spread the Word of God by integrating ministry and the church (p. 7). The book gives an example of how to connect with the community while ministering through the church. It suggests a family block party that has the qualities of being inclusive, intimate, intentional, informal, interesting and imaginative. Pipes and Lee also instruct one to engage in family mission trips at least once every two years. It labels the Jesus Video as an effective and non-confrontational way to share Christ while in the mission field. Chapter six concludes the book as it teaches one to share the message. It stresses the importance of prayer and implements the heart  acronym in association with praying for the lost (H= heart is receptive to gospel, E= spiritual eyes and ears are open to message, A= attitude toward sin matches God’s attitude, R= God releases them to believe, T= trust in Christ to live a transforming life) (p. 105). The authors provide guidance on ministering to individuals where they are in life. They teach that receptivity will come in varying levels. Most importantly chapter six teaches that one is not alone in the mission of sharing the gospel. It also gives many methods to successfully sharing which in turn raises the family to follow the ways of Christ. The conclusion is simplified into one page, challenging the family to step out and respond to the call of evangelism and to be an on-mission family. Evaluation Jerry Pipes and Victor Lee have constructed a book that convinces the reader to mature as a family in the direction of Christ. It’s chapters overflow with logical and structural guidance to reaching this goal. Every section is presented in a categorized manner that is easy to follow. Along with this, the chapters include appropriate and practical examples for the particular lesson being discussed. The most interesting example provided in the book is in chapter six describing how to share the message of Christ. In this example the authors are explaining that one is not alone in the mission of spreading the gospel: After prayer, a man named Chris feels the deep need to be vulnerable and sensitive while sharing his faith. While Chris is on a plane he begins a conversation with a married couple. The couple asks Chris of his profession and he replies that he is involved in a ara-church ministry. In disgust the couple asks why he would do that. He replies in a heart-breaking manner that he, his brother and his best friend were all very depressed. The depression resulted in Chris finding Christ and the brother and best friend committed suicide. The couple is quickly moved to tears because they are on the way to bury their son who has recently committed suicide. This is a powerful story and one full of God’s presence. The authors used the story to show how greatly involved the Holy Spirit is in teaching, guiding and using his followers for the advancement of the Kingdom. The inclusion of examples is a strong point found in Family to Family. The authors also include biblical support throughout the book, stressing the Scriptural references to the Great Commission. Any instruction given is accompanied by biblical command. For example, the authors teach that discovering real purpose in life involves making choices about â€Å"who you are and what you stand for† and reference Joshua 24:15 which states, â€Å"And if it seems evil to you to serve the Lord, choose for yourselves this day whom you will serve . . . But as for me and my house, we will serve the Lord. The author’s main presupposition, that many families do not spend adequate time with one another sharing the Word of God and the love of Christ, is supported with statistical data (i. e. 88 percent of the children who grow up in churches leave the church and never return) (p. 50). Pipes and Lee conclude that by following the suggested guide given in Family to Family, the family unit will be more prepared to have meaningful Christ-filled relationships within and outside of the family, respond to the call of Christ and pass the baton of faith to future generations. It is difficult to point out many flaws within the book. For the purpose of this critique, the only suggestion for improvement would be to tie in the theme of family in a more distinct manner throughout the chapters. At times it seemed that it was geared more toward evangelism rather than the books stated theme of leaving a lasting legacy with children and finding significance along the way. Nonetheless, Family to Family is an appropriate guide for growing in Christ (both individually and as a family). Implementation of its strategies and suggestions may prove to be a beneficial tool to parents and singles. Dr. Pipes has shared his book internationally and has continued to win souls to Christ. Family is an important aspect of life and when molded in the way of the Lord, the family, as a unit, can share the love and knowledge of Christ with the world around them. Salvation becomes a domino effect: family to family.

How mobile learning is used by students as part of their learning Essay

How mobile learning is used by students as part of their learning practice And to what extend does it provide new opportunities for teaching and learning in terms of access and flexibility - Essay Example In other words, m-learning reduces the restriction of the location of learning with the general portable devices’ mobility. The use of the mobile technologies elicits interesting queries as scholars examine the effectiveness of learning and teaching in this digital age. In real sense, mobile technologies enhance and extend learning across diverse groups of people. Currently, almost all people use and own at least one form of mobile devices. Such people not only own and use the devices but also invest some considerable amount of time, resources, and efforts in choosing, purchasing, customizing, as well as exploiting them. Most of these handled devices are an expression of part of even much of the values, identity, individuality, and affiliations of their owners via their choice as well as use. The devices are ubiquitous and pervasive, unobtrusive and conspicuous, taken to granted and noteworthy in lives of majority of the people. This explains why m-learning is more than e-learning using mobile devices as it also hints the possibility of leveraging the devices of learners and this can take education to new spaces, places, and modes (Traxler 2011, p. 4-5). For clarification, mobile learning is the use of handheld and mobile information technology devices such as mobile phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), tablet PC technologies, as well as laptops in learning and teaching activities (Prensky 2001a, p. 1). As the internet and computers become vital tools of education, the technologies become increasingly portable, effective, easy to use, as well as affordable. This offers numerous opportunities for broadening the access and participation to information and communication technologies, and specifically to the internet (Campbell 2005, p. 32). The mobile devices like PDAs and mobile phones are more reasonably priced in comparison to desktop computers, thus

Education Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Education Paper - Essay Example In Germany, while the states have the major control, a national coordinating agency keeps a check and ensures a high degree of comparability between the states. In the United States the major control and financial support falls under the jurisdiction of the state and local governments. In Japan, even though the centre has control, the teachers and the school districts are allowed to develop their own curricula as long as they are within the prescribed guidelines (Stevenson & Nerison-Low, n.d). The Japanese curriculum has a balance between academic and non-academic subjects, but they ensure that at least a third of the time at school is spent on subjects such as music, arts and crafts, homemaking, physical education, and special activities such as school clubs. Many elementary schools have their own standard of grading their students. Attendance at high school is not compulsory in Japan. In high school, students are separated into academic and vocational tracks in Japan. The teachers believe that their goal of instruction is exposure and not mastery. In Japan about 175 school periods per year are spent on the Japanese language and about 105 periods each for math’s and science. In Germany, the curriculum guidelines within each state provide a uniform basis for instruction. The guidelines include the content, learning objectives, and instructional periods required of each type of school. In Germany the greatest number of instructional periods is spent in learning the German language and mathematics. Sciences, math’s and language studies take up 27 hours of a total of 40 instructional hours per week (Stevenson & Nerison-Low, n.d). Teachers in Germany have the option to revise and supplement the content of the curriculum depending upon the socio-economic and cultural background of each student. The German educational system is divided into distinct levels (Hyperstudy, 2007). Elementary school is called Grundschule and is preceded by voluntary

Election Program Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Election Program - Case Study Example Any good candidate would. However Edwards is "is running for president to build One America" ( http://johnedwards.com/issues) and with an issued that is so likely to divide American, I think it would be a tough issue for him to decide one. And rightly so. The problems in American are huge. Especially with the buyer of the airport being from the Middle East, the situation becomes even more complex. There are still many Americans today who hold out racial hatred against any people from that region, and I can see already the protests coming from such people about selling over the airport to them. Especially sense the American concern for air security is already so high; I think many problems would come from the selling of the airport. However, the poll numbers show that 59 percent of people support the idea, and Edwards is a man of the people after all. In theory, it would be best for Edwards to support the idea on the campaign trail. This could work in his favor, as it would bring 59 percent of the public opinion under his belt, and it would work great for his every man image, and his idea of standing up to the old corrupt government as a person of the people. On Edward's own site is a quote about his ideas for the power of public government: ""With his One Democracy Initiative, Edwards has demonstrated that he will take on the dominance of corporate lobbyists to be the leader of something we lack today in Washington: a powerful 'lobby for the public good.' His vision for government reform, like many other issues, is charting a way to reclaim the soul and values of our party and of the country" ( http://johnedwards.com/issues/govt-reform), and his support of this plan would only straighten this platform of his. Problems further arise with the issue of this plan getting through the House and the Senate. If Edwards supports the plan and upsets his own party to much, he could loose the nomination. If he upsets the other side to much, he could find it very difficult to work with the House and the Senate if and when he becomes President. However, it would look really good to all the people of American if Edwards stood up to the House and the Senate on the platform that a majority of people support this bill, and that he did as well, further rallying his cause as a president for the people. Running for President, Edward also had to keep in mind the other half of Americans that don't support the idea as well. Maybe it wouldn't be the best bet for Edwards to come out and publicly support this idea, as it could cost him almost 50 percent of the popular vote on the election. And in a crucial election like this, every and any vote counts, and losing that much popular opinion might not work in his favor. It would be a tough decision for anyone to make, however I believe it would be in Edwards best interest to support the popular opinion and support the plan. This way, he can further build upon his platform as a people's man, and can also stand up to the government, which would really rally the people to his cause. It might upset some people on the other side however, and that is to be taken into consideration, but I feel that it would do more positive for his Presidential campaign that it would do to hurt it. It

One page written reflection on the concept of the substitutability of Research Paper - 1

One page written reflection on the concept of the substitutability of natural capital - Research Paper Example In this respect, natural capital plays an important role in the life and existence of every individual around the world. The continued use of natural capital brings into perspective the concepts of sustainability and substitutability (Markandya and Suzette 9). In essence, these concepts are critically intertwined. The substitutability of natural capital has a direct effect on the sustainability of resources in the environment. The idea of substitutability implies finding an alternative use in place of natural capital. Economists and environmentalists agree to disagree that human capital can substitute natural capital. While some hold the view of human capital replacing natural capital, others contend that the two can only work side by side as opposed to outright substitutability. As a result, the concept of substitutability is not only contentious but also diverse. On one hand, the substitutability of natural capital can be said to be weak. From this point of view, human capital could move in to replace natural capital that could otherwise be depleted from the environment. The idea is to minimize the use and exploitation of natural capital while maximizing the use of human capital (Hussen 144). In this view, human-driven activities take over the place of natural capital without generating catastrophic effects on the environment. For example, generating electricity from wind could ensure substitutability of natural capital through producing energy without harming the natural environment. Another key example is the use of solar panels as opposed to mining coal and oil, both of which are extremely hard to replace. On the other hand, it is difficult to achieve a balanced substitutability of natural capital. In many instances, both natural and human capitals work hand in hand. This means that it is difficult to achieve a one hundred

Letter from Birmingham Jail Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Letter from Birmingham Jail - Essay Example In contrast, the unjust laws disrespect people’s moral autonomy, as well as, personality by placing a particular group in the society superior to the other. In effect, morality is paramount and forms the basis that dictates the obedience of the law. The laws should not only be concerned with the political authority, but also the moral judgment about wrong and right in a given situation (Pollock, 2012). Any law that violates the universal morals does not deserve obedience. Just people need laws that protect their moral, as well as, constitutional rights. As King (1963) notes, people have the right to disobey the unjust laws if compelling moral grounds exist to underscore the action. No one should deprive the laws of moral sentiments, and any action to remove morality from the legislation renders them unjust and mostly oppressive. In disobeying the law, people should invoke a higher duty such as conscience and morality. In this respect, invoking morality will justify the people’s decisions to disobey the unjust laws that tend to infringe upon their moral autonomy. The implication is that just people have the responsibility and freedom over their moral decisions to fail to comply with the laws, which undermine their human personality. Indeed, the shared moral standards should inform the people’s real sense of obligation to the laws. Pollock (2012) argues that the people’s preoccupation to obey laws should depict a striking balance b etween the moral autonomy and obligation to the state. Critics might argue that false perception of the law as a total representation of the morals exists. The society has a blurred borderline between the ethics and the laws. Hence, morality entails doing what the law dictates for fear of the consequences of the disobedience such as the punishment. However, cynics should note that people make the laws, and they have a moral obligation to disobey the legislation

Critically evaluate the potential of the city of Palma as a center for Essay

Critically evaluate the potential of the city of Palma as a center for city break tourism - Essay Example In Europe, this progress is set apart by the surfacing of low-fare carriers, for example, a wide variety of the city-break day trips. Globally, an ever-increasing numeral of people takes trips to distant or peripheral destinations, often for a considerably short period of time. Touring Palma is pleasant any time of the year. Spring (April to mid-June) is generally the best. September is also good but can get rain. In a winter, city breaks in Palma and country stays, especially in the plains towards (watch for the almond blossoms), make for a great escape. For Tourism to survive, focus should shift on its aspect, that is, the role of the local population, and show how it is likely to influence demand, especially a volatile demand; the way they endure, or accept or support enthusiasm. Introduction In developed countries, an increasing number of individuals pursue lifestyles that are no longer need-driven (for instance, satisfying basic needs such as food), but that are motivated by the need for esteem and status or experiences for a classification by ‘values and lifestyles’. Discussed herein are submarkets of tourism. City Break Tourism There exist different kinds of sub-markets within tourism; one of this sub markets is city-break tourism. By definition, city-break Tourism, a City Break can be regarded as a short vacation to a city. The arrangements may be a package of accommodation and transport. Alternatively, city-break tourism can be described as an journey to a city with one night accommodation, usually with a sightseeing program, which may be optional or included in the price (Mac Iver & Mac Iver, 2008). Unfortunately, this definition does not take account of the growing popularity of low-cost ‘basic’ air flights which many people book as City Break, making accommodation arrangements themselves. Furthermore, City Break tourism is often sold in weekend packages, and special interest tourism, for example, addressing young tourist gr oups mainly coming for a party holiday, is policies with the main aim to overcome the short summer season. While not comprehensive, this list of types of breaks illustrate that there are both domestic and international. Tourism in industrialized countries has changed considerably in recent years, with a trend towards more frequent, but shorter trips to far distant places. In Europe, this progress is set apart by the surfacing of low-fare carriers, for example, a wide variety of the city-break day trips. Globally, an ever-increasing numeral of people takes trips to distant or peripheral destinations, often for a considerably short period of time. Clearly, these expansions remain smooth the progress of by air travel over the earlier 45 years, has transformed from a lavish form of mobility for the well-off few into a contemporary form of ‘hyper-mobility’ (Mac Iver & Mac Iver, 2008). Hyper-mobility, defined here as mobility that is frequent and often long-distance, is a res ult of the growing network of airports, perceived cheap fares, better education, higher income and a lot of leisure stage, including prospects to depart from work for an extended period of time. One of the fastest growing sectors in tourism is the international City Break market. Furthermore, tourists are prepared to travel further and further for a short break. Major cities provide destinations for

Ambition Essay Example for Free

Ambition Essay You should be familiar with the proverb â€Å"Hitch your wagon to a star. † The logic behind this proverb is simple. If you do not aspire for something great, you will not strive for the goal set consequently leading a life of regrets. Living a life of regrets determines a path less than desirable when you can follow the road of greater choice and be ambitious and go forth to lead a fulfilling and rewarding life. An ambition is an eager desire for honor, superiority, power, and the attainment of something set as a goal, accomplishment, or achievement. Ambition comes from the Middle English word â€Å"ambicioun,† meaning and excessive desire for power, money, or wealth. Ambition is something that you, no matter your age or cultural background, have inside of them. Ambition can be a driving force for success, or in some cases a road to failure. Through ambitious undertakings you can set goals and find yourself using your God-given talents. You too can have a dream! My ambition or goal in life is becoming a doctor. Since I was a young girl watching my Mom working at the hospital I have dreamed of wearing that white coat and the stethoscope. My earliest memories include the stories from my mother with regard to caring for patients. You can believe that one day you will be able to see me look into my patient’s eyes and be able to know exactly how to diagnose and mend that person’s ailment. The road to making my dream a reality will not be easy, nor can you expect your dreams to be easy. Each one of you will have many great college classes, labs, examinations, and sleepless nights ahead in the years to come. But, in the end you will know it is worth all the hard work and sacrifice and you will be able to stand proud knowing that it was your ambition that allowed you to achieve success! In choosing medical school you would have to do well on the MCAT (Medical College Admission Test) and hearing that that examination is brutal makes me want to achieve success even more! Well my journey has begun here in Colorado and with God’s grace making good grades will allow me to be accepted into a medical program that will require ambition and drive. Specializing in Neonatology will require me to ocus each day using ambition to proceed forward in my career. Neonatology is the medical specialty of taking care of newborn babies, sick babies, and premature babies. You can also use ambition to move forward with your goals you may have set forth. This is my ambition making me believe that with hard work and determination you can achieve! Helen Keller rightly echoes these sentiments when she says â€Å"Character cannot be developed in ease and quiet. Only through experience of trial and suffering can the soul be strengthened, Ambition inspired, and success achieved. †

Carrying out an open-loop step response on the process trainer pt326

Carrying out an open-loop step response on the process trainer pt326 INTRODUCTION: The control systems are based up on the behaviour of the dynamics systems and it is also a branch of the engineering and mathematical model of the process. The desired output of the system is called as reference. A controller is device which observes and outcome the changes in the output that are affected by the input variables. And it is also used to operate the input variables to a system to achieve the desired result on the output of the system. It is very simple and flexible to solve using the mathematical model. In control system design, we have a concept of feedback control system. The main concept of this feedback loop is to control the system performance and it is a negative feedback because the sensed value is subtracted from the desired value to produce the error signal which is amplified by the controller. To avoid the problem of the open-loop control system, the control system initiated the feedback loop. Where as in closed loop system, the control system uses the feedba ck to control the output of the process. One of the most widely used controllers in the design of continuous data control system is the PID controller, where PID stands for the proportional plus integral and derivative control. The PID controller is mostly used in the feedback control design. The controller is used for the operation of the error signal to produce the control signal. Proportional (P) control: This is the one type of action performed and used in the PID controllers is the proportional control. It is the simplest form of continuous control system that can be used in the closed loop system. Proportional control is used to minimize the fluctuation in the process, but it does not allow to bring back to the required set point. P-only controller provides the faster response than other controllers. The system first allows the P-only controller in order to get the system a few seconds/minutes faster. The main advantage of the P-only controller is the faster response time, it produces the deviation from the set point and this deviation is called offset. Mathematical Equations: P-only controller linearly correlates the controller output (actuating signal) to the error (difference between measured signal and set point). In the mathematical form, the p-controller is given below Y(t) = Kc e(t) + b Where Y(t)= controller output Kc = controller gain e(t)= error b= bias In the above equation the controller gain and bias are constant to each controller. The controller gain is the change in the controller output per change in the controller input. Bias is simply a controller output, when the error is zero. In the PID controller, when the signals are transmitted then the controller gain relates the changes in the output voltage to the changes in the input voltage. Thus, the gain ultimately changes in the input and output properties. If the controller output changes more than the input, Kc is greater than one. If the change in the input is greater the controller output, Kc is less than one. Ideally, Kc is equal to infinity then the error will be reduced to zero. Exact equalities cannot be achieved in the control logic. In this, the error will be allowed up to certain range of the system. Integral (I) Control: This is another type of action performed in the PID controllers is the integral control. Integral control is the second form of feedback control system. It is obtained used to remove the deviations that may exit. Thus the system moves to the steady state and original settings. A positive error will cause the signal to be increase and whereas a negative error will cause the signal to be decrease the system. However, I-only controller is much slower in response time than the P-controller. Thus, the slower response time will be reduced by combining with another form such as P or PD controller. It is often used to measure the required variables to remain within a narrow range and also require a fine tuning control. Mathematical Equations I-controller correlates the controller output to the integral of error. The integral of error is taken with respect to time within a specified interval. In the mathematical form, the I-controller equation can be represented as Where C(t)= controller output Ti = integral time e(t)= error c(t0)= controller output before integration. Derivative (D) Control: This is another type of action performed in the PID controllers is the derivative control. I-control and D-control are a form of a feed forward control. D-control anticipates the process conditions by analyzing the change in error. It main function is to minimize the change in error, thus keeping the system in a consistent setting. The main benefits of the D-controller is to resist change in system, the most important of these being is oscillations. PI-controllers: PI-controller is a combination of both proportional plus integral controller. This is the feedback controller which drives the process/plant to be controlled with sum of error and also the integral of that value. In PID controllers, we have not yet used the D-controller (D=kd=0). The basic block diagram of the PI controller is shown below, The controller output for the above closed loop system is Where ÃŽ is the error of actual measured value from the desired set point. ÃŽ = SP PV. The main advantage of the PI controller; the integral terms in the PI controller causes the steady state error to be zero for a ramp input. The main disadvantes of using with the PI controller is the phase lag. This means that the phase margin decreases. Required Apparatus: The report of this experiment is carried out on the Feedback Process Trainer, PT326. The design of the control system consist of a computer ,A/D and D/A converters, and a printer used to provide the copies of the response system. The networked PCs used to obtain the system design using the nyquist simulation method employing the design and simulation program CODAS. Explanation of PT326: According to the industrial situation, the PT326 process trainer model is commonly used. This situation appears when the temperature control is required in the presence of transport delay and transfer lags. In this PT 326 process trainer, the trainer involves air that is strained from the atmosphere through a centrifugal blower and it is heated and passed over the heater through duct before it is being heated. The objective of the control is to sustain the temperature of the air at the required level. The temperature control can be achieved by varying the electrical power supplied to the heater grid. By using the bead thermistor which is placed in the flow at any three position along the duct, the air temperature may be sensed. The process trainer introduces the transport delay in the system which is located between the thermistor and heat coil. By setting the opening of the throttle, the mass flow of the air can be adjusted through the duct. The temperature sensors can be placed at any three of the position in the duct, so that these sensors can acts as a detector. The variation in the resistance of the temperature sensor is converted to the voltage variation through the bridge circui t and is available at terminal Y. The output of the temperature sensor can be used as feedback for connecting the terminal X and Y. The required temperature can be indicated by adjusting the knob label set value. In additionally, the set value can change the step by using the command throwing the switch as internal. An external referrence input can also be provided using the label as external. The difference between referrence input set value and feedback signal is availabel at terminal B and can be supplied to the heater power supply so that the gain can be adjusted by using the prportional band. To select a continuous control, the signal at A can be send directly to the heater power supply by using the switch s. The switch s can be alternatively used as on-off controller as well as it is used to select the two step control. This on-off control command reponds to the maximum heater power when on and for the zero heater power it is off. The hysterisis is an on-off controller which can be adjusted by the knob label as overlap. The maximum heater supply can be adjusted using the knob label as max heater power. The process may be seen to comprise a simple blower in which air is drawn from the atmosphere, blown past a heater grid and along a tube having a provision for several temperature to pick up. The purpose of the control system is to maintain the temperature of the air flowing in the tubeat some required set point. The output of the process is a temperature which is measured by the use f the thermistor bead transducer and bridge circuit. Procedure: In the set of experiments of the PT326 process trainer, a personal computer acts as a contoller. Three controller are going to be investigated, a) Proportional control b) Integral control c) Proportional plus integral control. The final experiment make use of the analytical control system to show how the control theory can be used to calculate the behaviour of the control system. a) Proportional control: Using the computer program go into the controller setting menu. Set the controller to be a proportional only type i.e set the kp= 0.1, ki= 0, kd= 0. On the process trainer, adjust the throttle to 25o and place the sensor in the position away from the heater. Vary the proportional gain and plot the graph of the steady state error against the proportional gain. Choose the value of gain we think for the best response and obtain the screen dump to get a copy from the printer. Finally, indicate on graph the onset of instability. b) Integral control: Using the computer program go into the controller setting menu. Set the controller to be a integral only i.e set the kp= 0, ki=0.1, kd=0. On the process trainer leave the throttle at 25o and kep the sensor in the position away from the heater. Vary the integral gain and plot a graph of steady state error against the integral gain. Choose a value of gain that gives the best response of the system and obtain the screen dump. Finally, indicate on the graph the onset of instability. c) Proportional-plus-Integral control: Using the computer program go into the controller setting menu. Set the controller to be proportional-plus-integral type i.e set the kp=0.1, ki=0.1, kd=0. On the process trainer leave the throttle at 25o, and keep the sensor in the position away from the heater. Vary the proportional and integral gains until we get the best response from the system and obtain the screen dump. d) Open-loop step response: Using the computer program PRESS o this will put the system under the open loop control. The programme will then automatically carry out an open loop step response. Obtain a screen dump for the open loop step response. From the loop step response it is possible to calculate the transfer function of the process trainer. The tranfer function has the form: Where K is the open loop D.C gain of the system and Td is the pure time delay present in the system and Tp is the time constsnt for the system. It is possible to measure these values directly from the open loop step response. The steady state error for the control system can be derived as : Steady state error = V/(1+kp k) e) After obtaining the open loop step response values like K, Tp, Td, e and R from the graph. Place the values of K,Tp and Td in MATLAB simulink. To simulate the plant only in open loop in CODAS. Compare the time response with the actual plant open-loop response. f) Introduce the controller into the simulation and in frequency domain, adjust proportional gain to give the gain margin of 2 i.e., Nyquist plot (controller plus plant, open-loop) cuts the real axis at -0.5. observe the corresponding time response(controller plus plant, closed loop in time domain). g) Following the Nyquist method (f), introduce an integral control term and observe the time response. h) Keeping the proportional plus integral control established in (g), adjust the overall gain(k) to give gain margin of 4,2,1.333,1 and 0.8 (corrresponding to the Nyquist plot cutting the real axis at -0.25, -0.5, -0.75, -1.0 and -1.25 respectively). Comparing the corresponding time responses on the same graph. i) Now,changing the overall gain back to 1 and substituting the proportional and integral gains as calculated using the (i) ziegler-Nichols and (ii) cohen and coon formulas. And comparing the time responses for the three methods (Nyquist,Ziegler-Nicholos and cohen and coon) on the same graph. j) Moving back to the industrial trainer, and substituting the PI gains that where obtained using the Nyquist method and observe the closed loop response. And finding to get fine tune PI gain to improve the performance of the system. MATLAB CODE (CODAS Program): The diagram represents the open loop step response of the system is The code for the plotting of the open loop step response of the sytem is hold on xlabel(Time) ylabel(Input (red), Output (green)) title(System response to a step input) plot(t,x,r) plot(t,y,g) grid on The code for the plotting of the closed loop step response of the system is hold on axis([0.0 10.0 -10.0 2900.0]) xlabel(Time) ylabel(Desired Output (blue), Actual Outputs) title(System responses to a step input) plot(t,x,k) plot(t,y,b) grid on The code for the nyquist process trainer in the nyquist plot for the closed loop response of the system is % Plant : Gp(s)=K*exp(-Td*s)/(1+Tp*s) % K=1.266; % DC Gain Td=0.35; % Time Delay Tp=0.729; % Time Constant % num_p=K; den_p=[Tp 1]; disp(Plant Transfer Function : ) plant_tf=tf(num_p, den_p,InputDelay,Td) % % Compensator: Gc(s)=Km*(Kp+(Ki/s)+Kd*s) = Km*(Kd*s^2+Kp*s+Ki)/s % disp(Km :) %Km=1.0 Km=2.0/(2) %Km=1.0 % Multiplier Kp=2.1397; % Proportional Gain Ki=0.857; % Integral Gain Kd=0.0; % Derivative Gain % num_c=Km*[Kd Kp Ki]; den_c=[1 0]; disp(Compensator Transfer Function : ) comp_tf=tf(num_c,den_c) % OL_tf=comp_tf*plant_tf % %Gain and Phase Margins % [Gm,Pm,Wcg,Wcp]=margin(OL_tf); disp(Gain Margin: ); Gm disp(Phase Margin: ); Pm % % Nyquist plot of OL TF for 0.2

Play and Learning in the Early Years

Play and Learning in the Early Years In English preschools, play is an integral part of the curriculum, founded on the belief that children learn through self-initiated free play in an exploratory environment (Hurst, 1997; cited in Curtis, 1998). It was only in the early 1920s that play was linked directly to childrens development. The writings of such early educationists, as Froebel, the Macmillan sisters, Montessori, Steiner, and Susan and Nathan Isaacs, sowed the seeds for play being the basis for early childhood curricula. According to Froebel, play is the work of the child and a part of the educational process (ref). The Plowden Report (CACE, 1967) suggests that play is the principal means of learning in early childhood. In play, children gradually develop concepts of causal relationships, the power to discriminate, to make judgements, to analyze and synthesize, to imagine and formulate (The Plowden Report (CACE, 1967 (p.193). In our society, play serves countless important purposes. It is a means by which children develop their physical, intellectual, emotional and social skills. Much has been written about the definitions, functions and characteristics of play, for example Janet Moyles (1989) writes that Play is undoubtedly a means by which humans and animals explore a variety of experiences in different situations for diverse purposes. (Moyles 1989, p i). There are two conflicting opinions on the value of play, Early Years practitioners and some parents consider that play is the best way for young children to get a concrete basis for later school and life success. While other parents, practitioners and politicians believe that play is a waste of time. (quote). As a practitioner it is important to understand the true value of play and to advocate childrens right to play. This essay analyses the elements of an early years setting that support and encourage learning, comparing it with an alternative early years settings, while evaluating the importance of effective communication with babies and young children. It will also debate the importance of differentiation and inclusion in planning the early years curriculum. In addition the essay will include compare and contrast different settings to see how they relate to known theories of child development. Furthermore plans of play-based activities will be included to show support of the curriculum in the setting. Profile of setting. The school where I am currently in placement is situated within a woodland area surrounded by houses in Colchester, Essex. The school is currently providing education for 4-11 year olds and has approximately one hundred and sixty children on role. The school was originally formed in 1890, but was moved to its current site in the 1970s after a fire broke out. The school is a Church of England school and encourages the children to have a Christian view, with assembles and signs around the school. The feel of the school is a friendly, supportive, family originated environment, which is child focused. The type of child who attends the school is on average a child who will always do their best no matter what their background. The schools community is mixed race but has a high percentage of mainly white British families, the school has 38% free school meals, in August 09 had the highest jobseeker allowance attendance and has a high percentage of families on housing and benefits. The area t hat the school is situated is a renovation area that the Local Council are trying to regenerate. Within the two wards Essex County council and Colchester Borough Council the community have 2.3% rented housing and 10.5% housing. The Local Authority average is 11.85% which has almost double over the years. The school is above Local authority avenge and above national avenge which explains the percentage of free school meals. Lots of the house holds in the community have no formal education and there is a high percentage of children that are involved in social care. There are 4 children on the child protection register, 3 children which are looked after and 1 child on the child in need plan. The school has an equal amount of boys and girls in each class but there are one or two classes that have slightly more boys than girls which can inflict on learning styles and standards. The vision of the school is: We are a welcoming, happy and caring church school, where creativity is encouraged and everyone has confidence in their own abilities. We promote good social skills and participation in the Christian ethos of our school. We value others whatever their background or beliefs and respect our environment. We always aim high and do our best, cherish our friendships and respect everyones right to learn. We ensure that the key skills, vital for a successful future are taught to all of our children. We strive for a bright and wonderful future! (Ref) The school works with a number of organisations in the community. One is Child First, which is the collaborative name for the three Local Delivery Groups (LDG) of the schools in Colchester. The group first emerged out of the desire of Head Teachers in East Colchester, who wanted to improve the life chances for the children in their schools. With the arrival of the Extended Schools Agenda, it was a natural progression to extend the group to include all schools in Colchester. Also lying at the heart of the community is the church, which has a congregation of around 100 people. With differing ages, a variety of backgrounds and Christian experiences, the school finds itself strongly united to the church as a reverend from the parish visits the school regularly. Also the Ormiston Children and Families Trust works with the school to promote the wellbeing of children and young people through projects based around the Eastern Region. The Ormiston Centres work in partnership with Essex County Council, voluntary and statutory organisations, families and communities they are managing the seven Childrens Centres in Colchester. LO1 Compare setting with an alternative analyse the elements of a chosen early years setting that support and encourage learning, comparing it with alternative early year settings. What does the setting do to support and encourage learning? Current setting: The Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) applies to children from birth to the end of the reception year. In our school all children join us at the beginning of the school year in which they are five. At present we have an intake of 28 children. Most have been to settings that exist in our community and many have attended the pre-school located on the school campus. At the school we recognise that every child is a competent learner who can be resilient, capable, confident and self assured. We recognise that children develop in individual ways, at varying rates. Childrens attitudes and dispositions to learning are influenced by feedback from others; we use praise and encouragement, as well as celebration/ sharing assemblies and rewards, to encourage children to develop a positive attitude to learning. In the Foundation Stage we set realistic and challenging expectations that meet the needs of our children. We achieve this by planning to meet the needs of boys and girls, children with special educational needs, children who are more able, children with disabilities, children from all social and cultural backgrounds, children of different ethnic groups and those from diverse linguistic backgrounds. We meet the needs of all our children through: Planning opportunities that build upon and extend childrens knowledge, experience and interests, and develop their self-esteem and confidence; Using a wide range of teaching strategies based on childrens learning needs; Providing a wide range of opportunities to motivate and support children and to help them to learn effectively; Providing a safe and supportive learning environment in which the contribution of all children is valued; Using resources which reflect diversity and are free from discrimination and stereotyping; Planning challenging activities for children whose ability and understanding are in advance of their language and communication skills; Monitoring childrens progress and taking action to provide support as necessary. At the school we recognize that the environment plays a key role in supporting and extending the childrens development. This begins by observing the children and assessing their interests, development and learning, before planning challenging but achievable activities and experiences to extend the childrens learning. We make regular assessments of childrens learning and we use this information to ensure that future planning reflects identified needs. Assessment in the EYFS takes several different forms. These provide information which is then combined to inform detailed pictures of whole individuals. The classrooms are organized to allow children to explore and learn securely and safely. There are areas where the children can be active, be quiet and rest. The school has excellent outdoor area provision. This has a positive effect on the childrens development. Being outdoors offers opportunities for doing things in different ways and on different scales than when indoors. It offers the children to explore use their senses and be physically active and exuberant. We plan activities and resources for the children to access outdoors that help the children to develop in all 6 areas of learning. At the school we recognize that children learn and develop in different ways and at different rates. We believe that all our children matter and we give them every opportunity to achieve their best. We do this by taking account of our childrens range of life experiences when planning for their learning. Active learning occurs when children are motivated and interested. Children need to have some independence and control over their learning. As children develop their confidence they learn to make decisions. It provides children with a sense of satisfactions as they take ownership of their learning. Children should be given opportunity to be creative through all areas of learning, not just through the arts. Adults can support childrens thinking and help them to make connections by showing genuine interest, offering encouragement, clarifying ideas and asking open questions. Children can access resources freely and are allowed to move them around the classroom to extend their learning. Different setting: The Montessoris principle insight was that children are not merely small adults they have distinct and different thought processes and desires. What we may call play is a young childs work. The role of the educator is to provide the child with the opportunity to fulfil their desire to learn, both academically and socially. To use the latest educational catch phrases, Montessori education is multi-modality, differentiated instruction. (Ref). The Montessori method is split into five areas. Practical Life, Sensorial, Mathematics, Language, and Cultural. The Practical Life area improves the childs coordination and motor control, developing the pincer grip which is a requirement of writing. The Sensorial area refines the childs senses of the world around them, again preparing for language, and also for maths, serializing length and other physical characteristics. The Mathematics area provides numerical concepts in concrete form, using beads, cards, and spindles. The Language area teaches letters, then their phonetic sounds, and then builds words. The Cultural area extends the childs understanding beyond the classroom, teaching science, geography, botany, zoology and history. The teachers at a Montessori school observe their children in great detail asking the questions, what does this child understand? What is the next concept this child needs to learn? Obviously, a Montessori classroom will not look like a normal classroom. Rarely, if ever, will you find the whole class sitting with their books out looking at the teacher show them how to fill in a worksheet. Instead you will see children, some in groups, some by themselves, working on different concepts, and the teacher sitting with a small group of children, usually on the floor around a mat. Some people talk about the lack of structure in a Montessori Classroom. They hear the word freedom and think chaos or free for all. They seem to think that if all children are not doing the exact same thing at the exact same time that they cant possibly be working or that they will be working only on the things that they want and their education will be lopsided. Children will be given a work plan or a contract and will need to complete an array of educational activities just like in a more traditional classroom. The main difference being that the activities will be at each childs maximum plane of development, will be presented and practiced in a way that the child understands, and the child will have the freedom to choose which he/she does first. LO2 Communication Evaluate the importance of effective communication with babies and young children. Communication is a complex and important skill that is fundamental to human relationships, because humans appear primed to communicate from birth and we often underestimate the skills that must be developed if babies and children are to become sociable and effective communicators. The play experiences children need in order to become skilful communicators are those that encourage them to want to communicate with others and include not only verbal but also non-verbal responses such as movement of their whole body. LO3 Differentiation Differentiation is the recognition of and commitment to plan for student differences. A differentiated classroom provides different avenues to acquire content, to process or make sense of information and ideas, and to develop products. Differentiation can be referred to as an educational philosophy that requires teachers to modify their learning, teaching and assessment whilst adjusting the curriculum to the needs of children with SEN rather than expecting pupils to fit the existing curriculum (Cole 2008 cited in Rogers, 2007). The history of differentiation in education can be linked to two influential psychologists. Vygotsky proposed that learning can be mediated through the intervention of others. This recognises that by having knowledge of what a child already knows should inform the next stage of learning and what interventions are necessary to enable successful learning. Gardner (1993) proposed a theory of multiple intelligences in which people have different intelligences and learn in many different ways. Gardner conceived that schools should therefore offer individual-centred education (Florian et al, 2006 cited in Humphreys and Lewis 2008b) in which learning is tailored to the childs individual needs. Lo4 2 different early year curricula. The idea behind Forest Schools is that it is a long term sustainable approach to outdoor play and learning. Its about providing children with holistic development; it looks at every area in terms of their physical development, intellectual development and cognitive skills, also looking at their linguistic and language, both verbal and non-verbal. Forest Schools also looks at their emotional, social development and spiritual development. Whats interesting about the culture in some Scandinavian countries is being in and out doors are a part of how the family and culture works. But in Britain children are getting more and more isolated from the natural world. Forest Schools is very much about giving children the opportunity to learn in and from nature. Forest Schools is also about free play, its about self directed learning but its also about allowing the children to develop freedom and choice in order to be able to become competent and effective adults. In Every Chid Matters it states that every child should make an equal contribution. (Ref). The only way that children can do this is if they have sound self-esteem and sound emotional well-being and sound social skills and function in as many social situations as they choose. Forest Schools is about allowing children given their developmental dependant age the ability to be able to achieve social comfort. Forest Schools is an inspirational process that allows children to access the outdoor space in order to grow and develop into successful, happy rounded individuals. There is a misconception that Forest Schools is for Early Years; some of the most successful projects have been with older young people, adults with mental health problems and children in secondary education. (Ref). The .about allowing children and young people to grow with a sense of value of who they are and giving a positive contribution. Its all about using nature as the teacher as opposed to being adult lead. LO5 Activity Plans and Evaluation. Plan (see appendix .), Rationale behind choice of activity and Learning Objective. This activity was chosen as the reception class were looking at the Handa Surprise book and focusing on healthy foods. The day the activity was carried out a new student was present with his mother which added extra pressure for all the professionals. The learning environment offered opportunities for the children to experience tasting different fruits as the kitchen area was adjacent to the table in which the activity was carried out. It setting also had a large copy of the story so all the children were able to see the story (for Communication, Language and Literacy) and had the provisions to create the masks (Creative Development). I thought the topic would lend itself to the next days topic of healthy lunchboxes, which the whole school were focusing on. I chose to focus on any existing knowledge the children may have of different fruits and try and extend their understanding of way fruits are good for us. This leads into Early Learning Goal () of ..'(QCA, 2000). My main learning objective, therefore, was to introduce the children to new fruits and tastes, using language and listening to each other to find out what each child thought, in an accessible and enjoyable environment, so to encourage respect for each others views and turn taking. What happened? The week before carrying out the activity, i prepared the resources needed in school and discussed the other activities that my fellow practitioners would carry out. This involved printing, cutting and laminating the necessary pictures and masks. Also finding all the different fruits that were in the story. One fruit in particular i was unable to find but i improvised with a fruit drink that was made from the fruit so at least the children were able to taste the favour. I carried out this activity with a mixed ability group of 9 children. I began by asking the children to wash their hands as they were going to be eating fruit. When all the children were back in their seats, i gave each of them a bowl and a cup. I asked the children if they could remember the fruits in the story of Hands Surprise which was read earlier. The children seemed to have a positive attitude about being able to remember. With a small copy of the book i asked the children which was the first fruit that the monkey took out of Handas basket. When answered in cut the banana in pieces and gave each child a piece and asked questions such as what does the banana taste like? How does it feel? Do you like the banana? The children gave mostly good descriptions of the fruit and used appropriate vocabulary such as creamy, slippery and lovely. I carried out the same routine of cutting the fruit into sections and passing a section to each child and asking them to describe what it tasted l ike and how it felt and whether they enjoyed it. With the Guava fruit which was the fruit i could not purchase i informed the children of the situation and showed them the picture of the fruit on the carton of juice. I gave each child a taste and asked their option, the overall option was that the fruit tasted delicious but one child said that they didnt like it. The most interesting discussion came when i asked the children what they thought the passion fruit would look like inside, one child said that it might look like an orange, the same child that said the banana was creamy (extension). Overall most of the children enjoyed the fruit tasting apart from one (standard) child who kept giving negative reactions to the fruit saying that he doesnt eat fruit at home. I was happy that a least he tried some which i gave great encouragement to. While the fruit was being eaten i passed around picture cards of the fruit and asked each child in turn to pronounce the name of the fruit after me, most children had no problems with the pronunciations but one child struggled with avocado. I encouraged each child to have a little taste of each fruit and if they didnt like it then they didnt have to eat it and well done for trying was always encouraged. The extension child suggested that trying different fruits was good for us, as fruit was good for us. Which then lead a child that was refusing to try a certain fruit, tried it? At one point the dismissive child asked if we were finished and could go and play. Once all the children had tried all the fruit and we had discussed them and i asked the final question which was everyone favourite and their least favourite, the overall result being orange best, avocado worst. I explained that the children could go put their bowls in the sinks and wash their hands and then go and play. Evaluation. I believe this activity resulted in all the children achieving the main learning objective of introducing the children to new fruits and tastes, using language and listening to each other to find out what each child thought and to encourage respect for each others views and turn taking. The idea that the childrens peer could influence the decision of another child .. An effective learning environment does not leave children entirely to their own devices, but builds on what they can already do and challenges them to try new things. The role of the practitioner is vital in this process and sits within the social constructivist approach to learning. This theory was popularised by Vygotsky (1978, in Smith, 1999), who identified the zone of proximal development, (ZPD) as being a reason why childrens learning can be helped by others. Smith (1999) explained: The ZPD is the distance between the childs developmental level and his or her potential level of development under the guidance of adults or more competent peers (Smith, 1999: 429). As this was a hands on activity, the children were taking an active part in their own learning progress. It was Piaget (1966, in Smith, 1999) who first postulated that the child is a lone scientist, processing information and constructing meaning through encounters with their world. Most of the children focused their attention to the fruits they enjoyed using positive language and engaging in the ability to use words to describe what something tasted like or felt. One child tried to extend the activity to see who the fruit sounded when bounced on the table saying the orange sounded like a ball, this then encouraged the children to continue testing the sounds of fruit by knocking on them. The (extension) child asked if there was nothing in the fruit would it sound the same? The relative success of this activity highlighted that children of this age learn best through concrete experiences. When working with children of this age group it is preferable to adopt teaching strategies which allow for plenty of practical activities and exploration. The fact that one child lost interest in the activity, implies that I might need to develop this activity in some way to keep the attention of the less able or enthusiastic children. This was particularly notice when asking some children to use descriptive words to describe the fruit, as some children just repeated the word that their peer before them used. The language of one child was not as developed as the other children in the group, and this excluded them from full participation. On reflection, a different teaching strategy could have been employed to involve them more fully into the activity. It could be that they were more of a kinaesthetic learner than the others, as he keep looking at the children playing, so maybe using an activity that involved movement may have kept his attention. Also the activity was extended longer than anticipated as i had the cut each individual fruit into segments. If this activity was done again in the future maybe cutting the fruit into segments before the activity took place would be a more successful approach. As a result of this evaluation, i would have changed my plan to include more opportunities for the children to be involved in the activity in a more physical way, perhaps by using safety acceptable knives the children could help me cut the fruit. This may help some of the children with their fine motor skills as well. Also another way of engaging less able children might include asking them to participate in the preparation of the resources, maybe by asking them to bring their favourite fruit from the story in so they feel they have a more personal involvement. Finally, the only thing I would change would be to ask the children to put on aprons, as it got very messy, including me, as i too got very messy. Conclusion In conclusion recently there has begun to be a realization in the UK that play is important. There has been a surge of initiatives funded by government , such as Arts Council projects on creativity in schools and communities, the publication of Excellence and Enjoyment by the National Primary Strategy (DfES, 2003). This is putting a major emphasis on the importance of embedding the Foundation Stage and the Birth to Three Matters Framework in the work of local authorities across the maintained, voluntary and private sectors. Increasingly, research findings indicate the importance of the first years of education. Childrens ability to use spoken and written language fluently and with confidence and for a range of purposes enables them to access at an early age what education has to offer. The adults working in early years settings and classrooms have both the opportunity and responsibility to affect the future learning of their pupils in a far reaching and powerful way. Play is, it seems, about the universe and everything. It often has to function in a hostile environment, but when it is encouraged, supported and extended, it makes a major contribution to, and sophisticated impact on the development of individuals and humanity as a whole.

The Newly Proposed Copyright Law in Germany :: Music Copyrights Ethics Essays

The Newly Proposed Copyright Law in Germany Up to now copyright laws are heterogeneous throughout Europe, even amongst the member nations of the European Union. For example, in the UK manufacturers of recording and duplication hard- and software are not charged a fee per sold unit that goes to an association representing the body of copyright owners while in most other European countries this fee exists. In order to create a more homogeneous business environment the European Parliament passed new regulatory boundaries for copyright laws that now have to be transformed into national law by all member nations1. Currently, Germany is in the process of doing so and the government proposed a new law that raises a lot of protest from different organizations. Among them are various universities, the Chaos Computer Club 2 and Ver.di 3. Together they represent a wide spectrum of the body of consumers. Status quo of copyright in Germany The copyright law as it is active today in Germany does not only protect the rights of the owner of content, but also those of the content consumers. It's purpose is to function as a mediator between the two parties, serving both as a protection against plagiarism and an enabler of fair use. A central aspect of fair use is the private copy of content. The consumer is allowed to make copies of any content he legally possesses, regardless of the type of content or the media that conveys it. For example it is perfectly legal to record radio or television broadcast, make a copy of your favorite CD for use in a car, or encode it as MP3 to load the songs on a MP3 player, Software or movies on DVDs can be copied for back up purposes in case the original media gets destroyed. Schools and Universities enjoy special freedoms. Without special authorization of the content owners they are allowed to reproduce or show any content they legally own for educational purposes. Even though lectures at universities and schools are open to the public. Libraries have the duty, by law, to preserve as much content as possible and make it accessible to the public. Buying content once entitles libraries to make the purchased copy available to the public. The function of libraries is not restricted print media, it also includes audio and video. The proposed new copyright law In important points, the proposed law is quite similar to the DMCA in the United States.

Book Review on Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe :: Robinson Crusoe Daniel Defoe Essays

Book Review on Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe The book I have chosen to do review on is "Robinson Crusoe". The author of the book is Daniel Defoe. The book was first published in 1719. The publishers that published the book were Penguin. Robinson Crusoe wanted to be sailor but his family wouldn't let him. When he got older he left and became a sailor. He went to South America and bought his own cotton farm. He had to make a voyage to Africa to get some slaves. On the way the ship got caught in a storm and it was destroyed. When Robinson woke up, e was on a beech. All the men were dead except him. He went and got what supplies that were left on the boat. He lived on the island for 30 years. On certain times Cannibals came and he had to fight them off. The Main character in this book is Robinson Crusoe; he is the character through out the book. The minor characters are Friday; Robinson Crusoe Friend and the Captain. This two minor character affect the plot. The relationships between the main and minor characters are, they are friends. The conflicts that the characters face are Man vs. Man, Man vs. Nature, and Man vs. himself. The type of work he uses in the story is -Novel. The Genre of the book is Adventure and novel of isolation The language used is English. The author used good language in the book; it was also easy to read. The dialogue used in the novel is realistic among the characters. Robinson Crusoe is both the narrator and main character of the book. Crusoe narrates in both the first and third person presenting only what he himself observes. He occasionally describes his feelings but only when they are overwhelming. Usually, he favours a more narrative style to focus on actions and events. Robinson Crusoe is also the protagonist in the novel. The major conflicts are - Shipwrecked alone, Crusoe Struggles against hardship, privation, loneliness and cannibals in his attempt to survive on a desert island. The rising action in the book is that Crusoe disobeys his father and goes out to sea. Crusoe has a profitable first merchant voyage, has fantasies o success In Brazil and prepares for slave gathering expedition while the falling action is that Crusoe constructs a shelter, secures a food supply and accepts his stay on the island as

Tourism in Lesotho

It is called the Kingdom in the sky. Where you can touch the clouds and be as one with nature. The mountains of Lesotho provides serenity, a rejuvenation of the mind, a revitalizing of the spirit things which cannot be described but can only be experienced. And it is too true that if you have not been to the mountains, you have not been to Lesotho. The sheer majesty of the peaks as they kiss the clouds leaves one breathless, the cascading rivers flowing from on high bringing forth life giving, nature’s best, fresh clean crystal clear water. It is as if you have crossed into another realm. This natural tourist paradise is begging to be marketed to draw people from all over the world for the benefit of Basotho people. The mountains are but one of the many tourist attractions Lesotho is endowed with. Added to them are the falls the historical monuments which have enriched the folklore of the country for many years. All these places have potential to generate income especially during the 2010 soccer world cup if well marketed, making big strides towards the achievement of the national vision 2020. Promoting tourism in Lesotho is a sure fire way to social and economic development, and to the attraction of much needed foreign investment. Lesotho is really a wonderland for nature lovers or those who simply appreciate the wonders of nature. It has a real culture, natural history and boundless ecotourism options. Overview of Lesotho as tourist destination â€Å"Kingdom in the sky†, also known as â€Å"Friendly mountain Kingdom†. This popular eco destination is characterized by its remote, rugged mountains and deep valleys, with plummeting waterfalls that form a spectacular frozen stalactite in the winter months. Lesotho is truly idyllic destination. A mere four hours drive from Johannesburg or Durban is a place where the sun shines three hundred days a year. This country has the lowest point that is one thousand meters above sea level and boasts the highest single drop in Southern Africa. It has the highest road pass in Southern Africa at 3275 meters and is one of the few countries in the world that is completely land locked. Lesotho’s two main mountain ranges are the Snow-capped Maloti and Drakensbug ranges. The capital, Maseru, is the only city in Lesotho. However there are also several large towns in each of its ten districts. The ever-friendly Basotho people are eager to share their culture with tourists. The serene simplicity of their highlands life is enviable. This indeed is a country where time stands still. For the people of the world, the natural and cultural features that are of outstanding universal importance and value include the unique mountain wet lands and alpine tundra eco systems, the superlative natural beauty and the distinctive array of both plants and animals. In addition, the natural setting provides a glimpse into a way of life of the San who once lived there, documenting their lives and spirituality in over 40 thousand rock art images in almost 600 sites. Liphofung (place of Clarence) Situated just off the main road from Butha-Buthe to Mokhotlong, Liphofung (place of Clarence), was a stop over for Moshoeshoe I the founder of the Basotho Nation on his way from Menkhoaneng to Thaba-Busiu. The place is now famous for its museum and one of the largest galleries in the world which has the art of the first habitats of Lesotho, the San (Bush men) who lived there over 10 000 years ago. Some of the rock paintings Close by, with a height of 3482m (11 424 ft), is Thabana-Ntlenyana, which literally means ‘Beautiful Little Black Mountain’. It is the highest point in Lesotho and the highest mountain in Africa South of Kilimanjaro. It is found in Mokhotlong district, 15km (approximately 1. 5 hrs. drive) from the top of Sani Pass and it is to the top of Kotisephola Pass, 3250m. It is famous for its unpredictable atmospheric weather, veering from thunderstorms, very low temperatures to scorching suns or siege by mysterious mists which make it more unforgettable. These mountains are best experienced from within Lesotho. Historically it is here in these mountains where Basotho fled from the Zulu King Shaka, in the 19th century. The mountains became their fortress and protection. The route to Thabana-Ntlenyana is filled with formidable twists and turns of the sheer craggy mountains, majestic valleys and cascading streams meandering between the rocks. A combination of all these is a definition of a true scenic beauty giving a sense of remoteness in spring and summer, but a virginal white in winter. There is a friendly highest pub in Africa called Sani Top Chalet at 2874m above sea level. The route to Thabana-Ntlenyana is filled with formidable twists and turns of the sheer craggy mountains, majestic valleys and cascading streams meandering between the rocks. Combination of all these is a definition of a true scenic beauty. The plateau landscape is simply beautiful with awesome vegetation, open yellow plains and a distinct sense of remoteness , more especially during spring and summer seasons, but a virginal white in winter. Visible along the route are small stone build huts ( called Metebo in Sesotho) which are in isolation, deep into the mountains, in which rural Basotho shepherds live while looking after their cattle and sheep. There are many view points where tourists can stop to observe this remarkable beauty. This arduous trek to Thabana-Ntlenyana can be undertaken on a horseback or alternatively a 4WD vehicle. Thabana-Ntlenyana is also preferred for skiing, ice skating and snowboarding during winter season, which is from May to August. Near this mountain are the headwaters of the Tugela and Senqu (Orange) rivers, where fly fishing and water rafting are possible during summer season. Hiking, rock climbing and pony trekking are enjoyed throughout the year. Mornings here are such heart-warming with different kinds of birds with beautiful music to prepare you to the day ahead. It is with no doubt that a day is just not enough for one to be at this place because of the many activities provided here. Among the most interesting activities provided, here is ‘walking’ which really offers an ideal way in which to explore the fascinating archaeological sites found in this area. Afri-Ski The novelty of snow in Africa is best experienced at Afri-Ski which caters for skiing in winter. With a ski slope 3222m above sea level, Afri-Ski is the largest skiing resort in Africa. The skiers are accommodated at the New Oxbow Lodge and self catering Mahlasela Lodge. Trout fishing and water rafting take place in summer in Maliba-Mats`o, a river just a couple kilometers from Oxbow Lodge. Pony Trekking is another activity in summer. Letseng Diamond mine It is not just a diamond mine!. It is the world’s highest altitude mine with 3 kilometres above sea level, experiencing -20 degrees Celsius in winter . It is in this mine where the highest proportions of largest stones of any mine in the world are found. The discoveries states that in 1967 a 601 carat stone was discovered and a 215 carat stone was recovered in 2005. In August 2006, a 603 carat stone was discovered being â€Å"the 15th largest rough diamond ever discovered, and the biggest diamond un covered in this century† . Letseng does not only play a significant role in the economy of Lesotho as a mine but also as a tourist destination as it accommodates tourists who want to have a feel of the ‘Mine in the sky’ as it were. This is enhanced by the close proximity of â€Å"The Khubelu Hot spring. † The hot spring is at close range to Letseng Diamond mine, sharing social backgrounds and other aspects encompassed in Mental, Physical and Spiritual building of a living being. Khatse Dam This centerpiece of the Lesotho Highlands Water Project is a fine piece of engineering. The flooded valleys of the dam extend for 45km and the dam wall is 185m high. This dam is second in size (in Africa) only to the Lake Volta Akosombo Dam in Ghana. The view of this massive dam from Mafika Lisiu Pass is magnificent and is often of great interest to visitors. The centre piece of the whole project is the dam wall which is the highest in Africa. An area of the lake can be devoted to water sports. Thaba Bosiu Thaba-Bosiu is Lesotho’s great national monument. The mystical Thaba Bosiu is a flat-topped hill which was used by Moshoeshoe I as his citadel when establishing the nation. In translation, the name means ‘Mountain of the night’ and it is believed that the enemies of Moshoeshoe could not attack as the hill became a formidable mountain at night but went back to a hill during the day. The substantial remains of the King’s dwellings and villages and the royal cemetery of Lesotho are on top of the hill. Maletsunyane Falls Maletsunyane Falls in Semonkong is one of the highest single-drop falls in Southern Africa plunging 200 meters into a swim able pool whose stunning natural scenery is unspoiled by anything man-made. It is nearly twice as high as Victoria Falls, though not nearly as wide. The falls are very impressive, and can be visited on pony-trekking trails from both Malealea to the West and Molimo Nthuse to the North. Maletsunyane Falls are most spectacular in summer when the flow is highest, but in winter the water freezes, spraying the rocks with ice water. Conclusion Lesotho is indeed in a class of its own in tourism terms and the sensitive exploitation of its endowments can firmly place the country on the world tourism map.

Boony Doon Case Essay

CASE FORMATTING RULES AND CONTENT GUIDELINES/ CASE QUESTIONS FOR BONNY DOON VINEYARD I Formatting rules The case write-ups should be typed and double spaced, 12 point font (Times New Roman), normal margins with a maximum length of 5 pages which you can split between text, numerical tabulations or appendices as you see fit. You should have a cover page with your names, student numbers, title and course section. You can add the table of contents page and 1 page with the appendices. I expect that it will take you about 3.5 pages to do the analysis (points 1to 4) and about 1.5 pages for points 4 to 7. II Content guidelines The structure of your report should follow the following template: 1. Brief statement of current position/outlook of Bonny Doon (about 1 paragraph) 2. Firm Analysis (This part should include: – business model, business-level strategy and position, – value chain model analysis – analysis of the firm’s resources, capabilities and competitive advantage, – organizational analysis (management, ownership) – profitability analysis (please make sure to include relevant numbers). 3. Industry analysis This part should include: – basic descriptors (size of the market, key players, demand) – Porter’s 5 forces model, – life-cycle model, – key success factors (what it takes to be successful in this industry) – economics of the industry (profitability, costs and revenues) – industry’s overall attractiveness (including the past performance and projected growth) 4. Strategic problem/issue identification and definition 5. Generation of alternatives 6. Recommendation(s) 7. Brief implementation schedule III Case Guidelines/major points for â€Å"Bonny Doon Vineyardsâ€Å" Reference point: You are writing a report as consultants to Bonny Doon. Your report will be presented to their senior management. Here are the main points for your report. 1Describe the current environment for Bonny Doon, including competition and the market trends in the California wine industry at the time of the case. 2.Outline the main features of Bonny Doon’s business strategy. What are its benefits and drawbacks in the light of current situation? Why has Bonny Doon been so successful? 3What are the main challenges and strategic problems facing Bonny Doon? 4.In light of the problems that Bonny Doon is facing, what would you recommend to their management? You should attach a statement to this write-up, which should be signed by all members of the group, indicating that this is entirely the group’s own work, is based exclusively on the information provided in the case, and that each group member contributed their best.

Personal Finance Essay

Personal finance refers to the principal that is applied to the monetary decisions of an individual or a family unit. It addresses issues such as the ways in which the individuals or families obtain finance, budget, save and spend the monetary resources of a company over a given period of time while at the same time taking in account the financial risks and the future life events that are related to the businesses activities. The profits or loss of a company are derived by determining the incomes of a company and the expenses that are incurred by a company. If the incomes are more than the expenses the company generates profit for the company. If the expenses of the company are more than the incomes then the company incurs losses in the financial period of a company. Assumptions The income of Donna Terrell is estimated to be $3333 per month since it is assumed that he earns a salary that is equally distributed throughout the year. The expenses of Donna Terrell are also assumed to be evenly distributed throughout the year except in the months where Donna Terrell specified that the expenses were incurred in those months. After Sherman acquisition of his new job on June 2003 and his decision to assist Donna Terrell was a positive move since after the month of June the Donna’s business started to earn profits since in the previous months the business was incurring losses, but after June 2003 the company started to generate profits for the company, thus was in a position to run it affairs effectively (http://64. 233. 169. 104/search? q=cache:DmCJZy7zP6kJ) It is also assumed that Sherman would earn a salary that would be $1500 per the month that followed the month of June up to December 2003. In the first quarter of the year Donna business had been incurring losses from January to May 2008 since the amount of losses have been increasing rapidly since the expenses of the business were more than the incomes of the business. After Mr. Sherman decision to assist Mr. Donna in giving him financial assistance the business started to improve in its performance. The business incomes was greater than the expenses as from July to December of the Year 2003 and this contributed to the increased profits of the business as it continued with its operation until December 2003. As at December 2003 the Company had profits that were over $13000. The management of companies can run their activities if they ask for financial assistances from friends and also financial institutions since after the Mr. Sherman decision to assist Mr. Donna the performance of the company started to improve. The instances where the management of companies runs other business activities that generate revenue to a company this can contribute to the profitability of the company since the additional income increases the companies working capital that enables the company to generate as much revenue to the company hence its increased returns and finally this leads to the growth of the company. The management of companies should also plan their finances properly so as to avoid budget deficits as this can affect the performance of the company and also its reputation as this can result to reduce sales volume for a company hence in some cases due to the poor management of the companies finances the company go into liquidation that can lead to the closure of the company.